Before examining the various analog to d igital (A-D) and digital to analog (D-A) conversion processes it is useful to review the properties of each type of representation; in particular this may help select the representation most suited to the problem at hand. An analog signal is a signal whose value varies continuously with time, its instantaneous amplitude itself varying continuously within a limited range.
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The simplest example is that of a sinusoidal signal Asin(w t + f ), whose instantaneous value covers all the values within the range (-A, +A). An analog signal may very often be expressed as a weighted sum of sinusoidal signals. The analog signal is a simple type of signal which can quite conveniently be transmitted, but its simplicity results in several drawbacks. It is sensitive to parasitic signals and its amplitude or phase can be distorted by the transmitting system. When it undergoes such operations as analog multiplication the accuracy with which the signal is known is often reduced. Moreover it is difficult to store an analog signal. On the other hand a digital signal usually appears as a series of symbols. Thus, in a binary system a signal consists of a series of numbers, each of which is 0 or 1, that may be given physical form by the absence or presence of pulses. It can be said that the signal is represented by a word of a given format that is of a given structure. The digital signal represents the value of a quantity at a specific instant. It is not a continuous signal and since the symbols making up this signal (usually numbers) can only vary by `steps` the value represented by the signal must, perforce, be discrete. These difference from the analog signal, which may appear to be obstacles, are largely compensated by the advantages gained by the digital representation. First of all a digital signal is far less...
This project fits more for custom made battery casing that can have more space to hide things inside. This switch with few alterations can be used for any other project as well but is designed based on e-bike needs! This project use a clever functionality of....
The circuit described here uses ultrasonic oscillations and operates based on the propagation velocity of these oscillations in the air. Thus, we can easily determine the distance of two points if the time within which the wave travels this distance is....
Sometimes the precious metals are hidden too deep and are not detected except with complicated devices. In many cases, however, small pieces of precious metal buried near the surface can be detected by relatively simple means. Everyone is very attractive to....
Many times for various reasons we forget or can not water the plants that we have in our homes. And many humidity sensors units just notify us with a beeping sound or with a flashing light, that the pot needs watering. But what if we are away from home? This....
The principle behind a metal detector is really very simple. Proof of this is the circuit that follows, in which it proves that the construction of a metal detector can be done in the minute, with few components that we find very easily everywhere. With the....
The sub-harmonic bass generator is a sound producing unit for guitars. The sound it produces looks very much like that of the bass guitar. The octave generator is sometimes quite unusual since it does not produce any of the usual ways of coloring the sound,....
In the past the sounding (sea bottom measurement) was done with the "bullet", that is, with a heavy lead object that the seamen plucked into the sea hung from a calibrated rope. As soon as the "bullet" reached the bottom, the depth appeared directly from the....
This Amplifier was designed to have the following specifications: Distortion less than 0.1% at full power of 100W even at 20KHz. Power has to be attributed to an extended bandwidth. The output transistors must be protected against short circuits. The power....
A series of LEDs serve to alert the gardener when plants need water. Using two conventional digital integrated LEDs and a series of LEDs, we make a very useful device for gardening. The device detects the amount of water in the pot and alerts the grower.....
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