The most important schematic to know, one that is almost always required for every robot whether you`re a beginner or advanced, is a circuit to control your robots` power source. You cannot just hook up a battery directly to everything and expect it to work. Instead, there are three things that your power regulation circuit must do - regulate at a
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set voltage, supply a minimum required amount of required power at all times, and allow for additional special features/requirements of your application: For efficiency, optimally it would be best to use a power source closest (yet slightly above) the desired voltage input required. However this is rarely easy or even feasible. For a start, different electronics require different voltages. A microcontroller will require 5V, your motors perhaps 12V, a voltage amplifier perhaps both 20V and -20V. Batteries are never at a constant voltage. A 6V battery will be at around 7V when fully charged, and can drop to 3-4V when drained. This below image shows how a typical battery voltage changes over time. Microcontrollers (and especially sensors) are sensitive to the input voltage. Change the voltage, and funny (bad) things happen. To correct for this, you need to use an IC called a voltage regulator. What a voltage regulator does is take any input voltage and outputs a regulated voltage. So if your battery is at 7V, then a 5V regulator will output 5V and a lot of heat to dissipate the unused energy. Since microcontrollers and sensors typically do not consume that much current, the wasted energy isnt that much. But for motors, this can be a huge problem. You do not want to over voltage them, but to regulate the voltage is a huge waste of energy. To correct for this, what you instead use is a switching regulator. They act just like a...
This project fits more for custom made battery casing that can have more space to hide things inside. This switch with few alterations can be used for any other project as well but is designed based on e-bike needs! This project use a clever functionality of....
The circuit described here uses ultrasonic oscillations and operates based on the propagation velocity of these oscillations in the air. Thus, we can easily determine the distance of two points if the time within which the wave travels this distance is....
Sometimes the precious metals are hidden too deep and are not detected except with complicated devices. In many cases, however, small pieces of precious metal buried near the surface can be detected by relatively simple means. Everyone is very attractive to....
Many times for various reasons we forget or can not water the plants that we have in our homes. And many humidity sensors units just notify us with a beeping sound or with a flashing light, that the pot needs watering. But what if we are away from home? This....
The principle behind a metal detector is really very simple. Proof of this is the circuit that follows, in which it proves that the construction of a metal detector can be done in the minute, with few components that we find very easily everywhere. With the....
The sub-harmonic bass generator is a sound producing unit for guitars. The sound it produces looks very much like that of the bass guitar. The octave generator is sometimes quite unusual since it does not produce any of the usual ways of coloring the sound,....
In the past the sounding (sea bottom measurement) was done with the "bullet", that is, with a heavy lead object that the seamen plucked into the sea hung from a calibrated rope. As soon as the "bullet" reached the bottom, the depth appeared directly from the....
This Amplifier was designed to have the following specifications: Distortion less than 0.1% at full power of 100W even at 20KHz. Power has to be attributed to an extended bandwidth. The output transistors must be protected against short circuits. The power....
A series of LEDs serve to alert the gardener when plants need water. Using two conventional digital integrated LEDs and a series of LEDs, we make a very useful device for gardening. The device detects the amount of water in the pot and alerts the grower.....
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