The material is presented in a manner suitable for a teaching tool. It seeks to enlighten and to spark off interest in the design of counters. As R. S. S Obermann remarks `. design of counters has, in my experience, always been an excellent proving ground for anyone who has mastered Boolean algebra. Have fun reading ! A synchronous binary counter
Click here to download the full size of the above Circuit.
counts from 0 to 2N-1, where N is the number of bits/flip-flops in the counter. Each flip-flop is used to represent one bit. The flip-flop in the lowest-order position is complemented/toggled with every clock pulse and a flip-flop in any other position is complemented on the next clock pulse provided all the bits in the lower-order positions are equal to 1. Take for example A4 A3 A2 A1 = 0011. On the next count, A4 A3 A2 A1 = 0100. A1, the lowest-order bit, is always complemented. A2 is complemented because all the lower-order positions (A1 only in this case) are 1`s. A3 is also complemented because all the lower-order positions, A2 and A1 are 1`s. But A4 is not complemented the lower-order positions, A3 A2 A1 = 011, do not give an all 1 condition. To implment a synchronous counter, we need a flip-flop for every bit and an AND gate for every bit except the first and the last bit. The diagram below shows the implementation of a 4-bit synchronous up-counter. From the diagram above, we can see that although the counter is synchronous and is supposed to change simultaneously, we have a propagation delay through the AND gates which add up to give an overall propagation delay which is proportional to the number of bits of the counter. To overcome this problem, we can feed the outputs from the flip-flops directly to a many-input AND gate as follows : This method does overcomes the problem of additive propagation delay but...
This project fits more for custom made battery casing that can have more space to hide things inside. This switch with few alterations can be used for any other project as well but is designed based on e-bike needs! This project use a clever functionality of....
The circuit described here uses ultrasonic oscillations and operates based on the propagation velocity of these oscillations in the air. Thus, we can easily determine the distance of two points if the time within which the wave travels this distance is....
Sometimes the precious metals are hidden too deep and are not detected except with complicated devices. In many cases, however, small pieces of precious metal buried near the surface can be detected by relatively simple means. Everyone is very attractive to....
Many times for various reasons we forget or can not water the plants that we have in our homes. And many humidity sensors units just notify us with a beeping sound or with a flashing light, that the pot needs watering. But what if we are away from home? This....
The principle behind a metal detector is really very simple. Proof of this is the circuit that follows, in which it proves that the construction of a metal detector can be done in the minute, with few components that we find very easily everywhere. With the....
The sub-harmonic bass generator is a sound producing unit for guitars. The sound it produces looks very much like that of the bass guitar. The octave generator is sometimes quite unusual since it does not produce any of the usual ways of coloring the sound,....
In the past the sounding (sea bottom measurement) was done with the "bullet", that is, with a heavy lead object that the seamen plucked into the sea hung from a calibrated rope. As soon as the "bullet" reached the bottom, the depth appeared directly from the....
This Amplifier was designed to have the following specifications: Distortion less than 0.1% at full power of 100W even at 20KHz. Power has to be attributed to an extended bandwidth. The output transistors must be protected against short circuits. The power....
A series of LEDs serve to alert the gardener when plants need water. Using two conventional digital integrated LEDs and a series of LEDs, we make a very useful device for gardening. The device detects the amount of water in the pot and alerts the grower.....
characters left: