The Mark III conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) profiler has been the mainstay of modern physical oceanographic research1. The MKIIIB CTD provides high quality oceanographic data when used by skilled personnel and are frequently re-calibrated. The design objective of the Integrated CTD system was to attain the same high level of performance whil
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e reducing the necessity of frequent re-calibration through the enhancement of long term stability. This required re-consideration of both the electronic approach and the re-design of the physical sensors. The result of this work is a CTD system with improved measurement precision. All three primary sensors are newly designed to achieve long term measurement stability and to optimize system sampling performance without the limitations of existing technologies. Advances in the state of the art in electronic and microcontroller technologies has enabled the development of improved methods of analog sensor signal processing. During the MKIII development, micro-processors and their software development tools were primitive and difficult to use. The revolution in high speed micro-controllers has allowed their use in the Integrated CTD allowing for real time numerical correction for drift in the analog signal processing circuitry. The key component of this design is a phase shift oscillator as described by Brown 19682. Through the addition of a precision reference network and real-time numerical correction the performance of the oscillator circuit has been enhanced. This requires that the oscillator output frequency be stable for short periods of time over which it is recalibrated against the precision resistance reference network. The network accurately simulates the output of the sensors for known values of the measured...
This project fits more for custom made battery casing that can have more space to hide things inside. This switch with few alterations can be used for any other project as well but is designed based on e-bike needs! This project use a clever functionality of....
The circuit described here uses ultrasonic oscillations and operates based on the propagation velocity of these oscillations in the air. Thus, we can easily determine the distance of two points if the time within which the wave travels this distance is....
Sometimes the precious metals are hidden too deep and are not detected except with complicated devices. In many cases, however, small pieces of precious metal buried near the surface can be detected by relatively simple means. Everyone is very attractive to....
Many times for various reasons we forget or can not water the plants that we have in our homes. And many humidity sensors units just notify us with a beeping sound or with a flashing light, that the pot needs watering. But what if we are away from home? This....
The principle behind a metal detector is really very simple. Proof of this is the circuit that follows, in which it proves that the construction of a metal detector can be done in the minute, with few components that we find very easily everywhere. With the....
The sub-harmonic bass generator is a sound producing unit for guitars. The sound it produces looks very much like that of the bass guitar. The octave generator is sometimes quite unusual since it does not produce any of the usual ways of coloring the sound,....
In the past the sounding (sea bottom measurement) was done with the "bullet", that is, with a heavy lead object that the seamen plucked into the sea hung from a calibrated rope. As soon as the "bullet" reached the bottom, the depth appeared directly from the....
This Amplifier was designed to have the following specifications: Distortion less than 0.1% at full power of 100W even at 20KHz. Power has to be attributed to an extended bandwidth. The output transistors must be protected against short circuits. The power....
A series of LEDs serve to alert the gardener when plants need water. Using two conventional digital integrated LEDs and a series of LEDs, we make a very useful device for gardening. The device detects the amount of water in the pot and alerts the grower.....
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