New Circuits Page 162
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This projects builds upon the 2012 LED Flicker project. The goal is to build an ultra bright, multi-channel test light using extremely high power LEDs driven to their maximum rated current, and controlled precisely. By driving an array of 7 ultra bright....
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This is one of the original brand-name folders created for the site, and for almost three years it has been empty, just someone`s distant memory - suddenly we have a nice pic and the circuit of the preamp. Thanks Richard. I`ve only a pre amp cct I traced....
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The motorcycle anti-theft alarm is introduced in this article, it uses the private displacement sensor and has the features of high sensitivity, good reliability, low false alarm rate and easy to make. The principle of the circuit This motorcycle anti-theft....
-
This is simple 3-digits digital volt meter. PIC16F676 used to read analog signal(voltage) and display the value on 3-digits 7-segment. You can apply to mesasure DC currant with parallel Rshunt but I`m not descript here. As we know the most of PIC....
-
The block diagram explaining the device and operation of the sonic depth finder, is shown on fig. 1. The clock G1 generator operates interaction of knots of the device and provides its work in an automatic mode. Generated by it short (0, 1 c) rectangular....
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-
This circuit has been designed to alert the vehicle driver that he has reached the maximum fixed speed limit (i. e. in a motorway). It eliminates the necessity of looking at the tachometer and to be distracted from driving. There is a strict relation between....
-
This is my first Instructable and my first attempt at such a large electronics project. I designed the circuit from scratch and I am making it availa....
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-
The circuit shown here is of a simple 0 to 9 display that can be employed in a lot of applications. The circuit is based on asynchronous decade counter 7490(IC2), a 7 segment display (D1), and a seven segment decoder/driver IC 7446 (IC1). The seven segment....
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-
This circuit is a basic function of the FET 2N3819, which acts as a switch. In the conduction and not conduction. It runs contrary to the transistor. The....
-
Switched mode power supply units (SMPSUs) are popular but difficult to build oneself as well problematic when it comes to understanding their design principles. Building your own SMPSU typically requires a lot of expertise, hard to find components and time.....
-
Dynamic progress A change in technology is taking place in power factor correction. Static PFC systems are being progressively replaced by dynamic systems that offer new technical....
-
In older posts I mentioned, that I resoldered several ATMEL ATMEGA16 processors. So, I decided to build something usefull using this MCU. As this controller has more ROM and RAM, I decided to use only high level programming language- C. All software in these....
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Once power has been applied to the circuit, the Red LEDs should all be flashing on and off together. The Yellow LEDs should be flashing on and off, but only every other Yellow LED should be on at one time. The Green LEDs will stay on at all times. The flash....
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240W Power Amplifier class D circuit based TDA8924. The chip has a short-circuit proof output, thermal protection and acoustic protection from the inrush current when you turn on and off. The scheme provides two options turn on an amplifier both stereo and....
-
Here is a simple 2. 4 GHz SWR meter which can be easily found, which is based around surplus microwave hardware. The main component is a MECA -20/-20 dB Directional Coupler which has a frequency range of approximately 700 MHz to 2. 5 GHz. This particular....
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-
I was asked by the MDRC committee of the day if I would like to take on the role as Electronic components and project officer, I didn`t see any problem with this and agreed. After being elected into the position I soon found out that a little more time would....
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Abstract: The MAX1896 MAX1973 and MAX8863 combine to deliver 5V at 225mA, 1. 8V at 220mA, and 3. 3V at 60mA from a USB port. The schematics, BOM and performance data appear below. USB devices draw power from the USB port. The voltage is 4. 5V to 5. 25V and....
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This Digital Circuit describes a Digital Blood Pressure Meter concept which uses an integrated pressure sensor, analog signal-conditioning circuitry, microcontroller hardware/software and a liquid crystal display. The sensing system reads the cuff pressure....
-
Once the mains power supply cuts off, the relay will only be able to turn ON after a period of 150 - 210 secs depending on the tolerance of the RC ....
-
Such jobs as jewel cutting and polishing require the workers to switch on/off two electrical appliances one after another repeatedly for two different services on the same workpiece. This is cumbersome as they need to fully concentrate on delicate handwork....
-
A collection of drawings of different 555 applications. Some are drawings of schematics found on the web and in books, and saved for my own reference. I did not save the web pages that these originated from, so some may not have proper attribution. If you....
-
The UBA2024 is a half-bridge IC and 550 V lamp controller. This device is equipped with 9 ohm switches that espouses standard CFL applications up to 15 W. The....
-
Most all power supplies regulate either their output voltage or output current at a constant level, depending on the load resistance relative to the power supply`s output voltage and current settings. This can be summarized as follows: To accomplish this....
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As the title indicates the goal of the project was to develop a parking lot management system. In this project we had reduced our project into 5 design phases. In order to acheive the goal, we encountered with some problems and we made progress compared to....
-
-
We used as a starting point for our experiments, the switching device John Bedini had built for the Tesls Symposium. Our goal was to upgrade this switching device for ordinary car or motorcycle batteries....
-
Hmmm, if it is resistive, AC is equivalent to pulsed DC and the sensor is degraded in any case with the RMS value of the AC signal. If you appy 1VAC RMS, you could as well apply 1V DC. If you use an ADC10 or ADC12, the samples are take one after another....
-
This tutorial details the construction of a simple and low cost robot. The robot is mainly a line follower but can also be used as a photovore, a photophobe, and obstacle avoider!And all this for less than 40$. The best part is that the robot does not use....
-
-
When a short-circuit to ground occurs, which forces a DC voltage across the loudspeaker of >= V, a built-in protection circuit becomes active and limits the DC voltage across the loudspeaker to <= V. Pin 12 detects the status of the protection circuit (e. g.....
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and C code for a frequency counter circuit operating up to about 50MHz using a multiplexed seven segment display and uses timer 1 to count edges of the input signal....
-
This device was designed on request and allows sequential operation of four Leds either to left or right direction, obtained by means of a 7555 CMos timer IC (IC1) wired as an astable multivibrator driving a Decade counter (IC2). This IC is set to count a....
-
Before we study the working principles of a TV receiver, it is worth knowing a little about the journey of the object image that we usually see on TV. Images that we see is the production of a camera. The object image captured camera lens will be separated....
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The alarm detector circuit is different from Ultrasonic Alarm (1). In Ultrasonic Alarm (1), an alarm output is presented when there is a reflected wave from the object in the setup time. At the circuit this time, an alarm is output when no reflected wave....
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The circuit uses LM35 as its temperature sensor, and displays the temperature (0-99 Celsius) using the two 7 segment display. The circuit is also programmed to turn on devices using the RC pins. Example: RC0 is ON when the temperature is above 39 Celsius.....
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To design and build a wireless transmitter that works over the FM frequency and allows the transfer of a video/audio signal over a certain distance to an FM tuner. In this fast-paced world, there is little time for inconveniences and a greater need for....
-
I designed and built this Ring Counter Clock in 1970. The base is a 12" diameter/2" thick block of walnut from a hollowed-out gun stock blank. The back side of the base has been hollowed out to hold the circuit board. I chucked it up in a large lath and....
-
The first thing to do is to take notes indicating which wire connects where on the 36 tube socket. Remove all of the wires connected to the 36 tube socket. Then, drill out the rivets holding the five-pin 36 tube socket in place, and remove the five-pin 36....
-
One of the most unfortunate features of the usual portable Geiger counter is the short life of the expensive high-voltage batteries..
-
The following circuit shows about Photovoltaic Light Sensors In Solar Tracker. Features: accurate, low cost, simple, single axis electronic solar ....
-
This wide-range light dimmer circuit uses a unijunction transistor and a pulse transformer to provide phase control for the TRIAC. The circuit operates from a 115 volt, 60 Hz source and can control up to 800 watts of power to incandescent tights. The power....
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Convert a feedforeward opamp PID loop to C code I am trying to do such a conversion and honestly, have no idea where to start. I can get all input values through an ADC, voltage, current, whatever, but coding a feedforeward PID is a little new to me. Any....
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The Traffic light controller section consists of 12 Nos. point LEDS are arranged by 4Lanes in PS/8051 Trainer kit. Each lane has Go (Green), Listen (Yellow) and Stop (Red) LED is being placed. Microcontroller BoardsThe PS-8051 board which demonstrates the....
-
-
Many of us who use GTX 900 MHz radios to work amateur repeaters are well aware of the erratic output power problem. You go through the complete board replacement procedure, adjusting the deviation and output power, and everything looks great on the test....
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Frequency shifting keying technique is used to transmit binary data. The circuit diagram with description fsk demodulator used 565 IC for frequency shift keying...
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One type of metal detector is a type of beat frequency oscillator (BFO). The methods used in metal detectors in general are changing the characteristics of the oscillator when there are close to the metal sensor. The detector works based on the resonant....
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This small transmitter uses a hartley type oscillator. Normally the capacitor in the tank circuit would connect at the base of the transistor, but at VHF the base emitter capacitance of the transistor acts as a short circuit, so in effect, it still is. The....
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This circuit gives sound handful that modifies interestedly, occurrence sound rate cricket Fixed. By R3 should experience change the value C1,R5 and C2....
-
A digital clock is one that displays time in digital format. The circuit described here shows the time with double-digit "minutes" and two digits `seconds` in four seven segment displays. The segment of seven switches are interconnected with 8051....
-
This simple diode modulator delivers excellent results when used for high percentage modulation at low signal levels. Constants are shown for a carrier frequency of about 10 MHz, but, with a suitable tank, the circuit will give good results at any frequency....
-
In many discussions of LPAM transmitter design you will hear or read references to "the Wenzel circuit" or "the Wenzel transmitter. " These refer to the clever transmitter design downloadable at During the mid 1990s and early 2000s, this was the best....
-
Ground loop offset errors and ground noise are removed by a differential amplifier or instrumentation amplifier prior to A/D analog to digital conversion. The differential input amplifier mitigates ground loop errors. Precision measurement of non-isolated....
-
Switch a water solenoid valve using two water level switches, one will be placed at the top of a tank and will be NO (when water level is between full and empty) so that it will send a signal to the relay when the water reaches the top to stop the solenoid.....
-
The circuit diagram of this programmable sequencer could be applied in a number of timing uses. Prior to the start of each interval, an audible tone is generated, and a seven-segment LED display shows the interval number. Prior to the end of that inerval,....
-
The power amplifier circuit using MOSFET has been very popular, because the sound is very aggressive, as compared to transistors and ICs. It can be low-frequency and high-frequency response as well, it is highly durable. Usually, if compared with the same....
-
The TS2012 is a stereo fully differential class D power Amplifier Able to drive up to 1. 35W into an 8, load at 5V per channel. It achieves outstanding efficiency compared to typical class AB Audio amps. By STMicroelectronics ..
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Trying to figure out why I`m getting hard shifts on low throttle positions. I have a couple questions as I found some components not holding vacuum. I`....
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The second circuit simulates the siren of an American police car. It uses two 555 timers in the circuit. The 555 on the right is wired as an alarm tone generator and the second 555 timer on the left is wired as a low frequency astable timer which generates a....
-
Model Railroader is the world`s largest magazine on model trains and model railroad layouts. We feature beginner and advanced help on all model railroading scales, including layout track plans, model railroad product reviews, model train news, and model....
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The schematic is very similar to the one seen in the CPLD Development Board Tutorial because it`s basically the same board with a tiny addition. The new part of the schematic is in the lower right corner. 8 (DIP) Switches, a resistor array & some additional....
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In most countries it is now mandatory or at least recommended to have a rear fog light on a trailer with the additional requirement that, when the trailer is coupled to the car, the rear fog light of the towing car has to be off. The circuit shown here is....
-
A simple op amp and silicon diode are the heart of the temperature-to-voltage converter that will permit you to use an ordinary voltmeter-either analog or digital-to measure temperature. User adjustments make it possible for a reading of either 10 mV or 100....
-
-
This fan regulator circuit will automatically control the speed of your fan according to the temperature. Two thermistors (R1 and R2) are used to sense the temperature. The circuit works almost like the published here previously. Here the potentiometer is....
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-
This application note is intended to familiarize the filter designer with the fundamentals of active filter design, using monolithic IC op amps. It presents a table of transfer functions and network equations for high-pass, low-pass, band-pass and....
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Just ran a +12V switched wire back to the camera wiring and connected it to the same place that the reverse lights connect. That way, either the reverse lights or my switch can enable the camera. The important thing here is the use of diodes! These are used....
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DC Voltage Regulator (NPN & Zener Regulator) There are instances where it is handy to have a regulated DC voltage power supply for use on your model....
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This is how I designed a simple circuit that allows you to control a servo and put it through its paces....
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The SLA battery is charged from the vehicle s battery. When the engine is running, the voltage remains fairly constant, which greatly simplifies the charging circuit. If the SLA battery is fully charged, any further charging current from the vehicle battery....
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Channel 0 of the Dual Voltage/Current Source (DVI) was used as the input. Input levels of +3V and +5V were used. Load current was the variable of interest we wanted to relate to the performance of the DVI. One DVI with a maximum of 300 mA and another with a....
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Designs for audio amplifiers with DC coupling to the load are not often encountered these days, even though they offer definite advantages....
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A column-parallel analog-to-digital converter was designed for use with CMOS active pixel sensors (APS). The design goals included simplicity, small size, moderate speed (>10kHz), current input, and reasonable accuracy (6-bits). The ADC was designed to get a....
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I learned that you could do PWM with the 555 chip. So I tested this idea. I will not attempt to explain the workings of the 555 chip because I found the page by Tony van Roon to be an excellent introduction to the 555 chip. Tony`s page discusses a slightly....
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This project demonstrates a computer control interface using a USB Board. (USB INTERFACE PROJECT). This tutorial will show you a simple way to control some device like led, motors and other devices with computer through a USB Board. The traditional way to....
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The circuit you are about to see is the culmination of some effort at improving the basic Link intercom design. You may think that pulse dialing is `old hat` nowadays, but the exercise of building and testing the Link `P` in this format, and understanding....
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The 8-lead plastic mini-DIP LM3909 IC was developed by National Semiconductor in the mid `seventies of the past century. It was a monolithic oscillator specifically designed to flash Light Emitting Diodes. By using the timing capacitor for voltage boost, it....
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An Arduino voltmeter that displays voltage on an LCD display. The voltmeter has 4 channels for measuring four different voltages....
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AT89C51-12PI is a sub package of AT89C51, If you need see the description, please click AT89C51. If you need AT89C51-12PI`s datasheet, please download it from below. By ATMEL Corporation ..
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A simple transistor amplifier circuit diagram and schematic which can be used as a 12 watts audio transistor amplifier.An op amp IC is used to produce the gain required....
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The 555 will activate a relay. When pins 2 and 6 are connected as an input, the chip requires only about 1uA to activate the output. This is equivalent to a gain of about 200, 000, 000 (200 million) and represents about 4 stages of amplification via....
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This Arduino-powered vocal effects box pitch shifts and distorts incoming audio signals to produce a wide variety of vocal effects. This project is my first experiment with real-time digital signal processing using Arduino. It samples an incoming microphone....
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The following circuit shows about Circuit an Infrared Toy Car Motor Controller. This circuit based on the 4047 and4017 IC. Features: 16V Capacitor, 100k Resistor, Double IC. Component: IC, Switch, Diode, LED, Resistor, Capacitor, Motor, Transistor.....
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FM Transmitter Circuit An low power FM Transmitter using an op-amp as the audio preamp and a single transistor as the RF amplifier. Circuit Diagram Parts List R1 4K7 R4 150K R7 3K9 (2K7)R2 4K7 R5 220R R8 120R (82R)R3 4K7 R6 4K7A....
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A PIN photodiode, four low-noise op amps and a comparator are used to detect individual photons of gamma radiation. The schematic, design considerations and component selection are discussed....
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Continued from the previous post. The same priciple is true for the followings, temperature to current transmitter. In this case the input voltage is propotional to the measured temperature, not the rotation. Temperature input, full analog, 2 wire, 4-20 mA....
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Making yourself an alarm is both useful and interesting: but the best part is when you take the remote control out of your pocket, and switch on the alarm while saying to your friends: "I`ve done it in a weekend". Making yourself an alarm gives you maximum....
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This circuit bellow shows a teleremote circuit which enables switching ?on? and ?off? of appliances through telephone lines. Can be used ...
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This is a quartz-stabilized oscillator circuit with electronic gain control. Replacing the common filament lamp for amplitude stabilization, this circuit use....
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This is the voltage converter to get the voltage of ±1,25-30V from the input voltage of ±35V. I am using the 3 terminal voltage regulator for the voltage to be changed in this unit....
This projects builds upon the 2012 LED Flicker project. The goal is to build an ultra bright, multi-channel test light using extremely high power LEDs driven to their maximum rated current, and controlled precisely. By driving an array of 7 ultra bright....
This is one of the original brand-name folders created for the site, and for almost three years it has been empty, just someone`s distant memory - suddenly we have a nice pic and the circuit of the preamp. Thanks Richard. I`ve only a pre amp cct I traced....
The motorcycle anti-theft alarm is introduced in this article, it uses the private displacement sensor and has the features of high sensitivity, good reliability, low false alarm rate and easy to make. The principle of the circuit This motorcycle anti-theft....
This is simple 3-digits digital volt meter. PIC16F676 used to read analog signal(voltage) and display the value on 3-digits 7-segment. You can apply to mesasure DC currant with parallel Rshunt but I`m not descript here. As we know the most of PIC....
The block diagram explaining the device and operation of the sonic depth finder, is shown on fig. 1. The clock G1 generator operates interaction of knots of the device and provides its work in an automatic mode. Generated by it short (0, 1 c) rectangular....
This circuit has been designed to alert the vehicle driver that he has reached the maximum fixed speed limit (i. e. in a motorway). It eliminates the necessity of looking at the tachometer and to be distracted from driving. There is a strict relation between....
This is my first Instructable and my first attempt at such a large electronics project. I designed the circuit from scratch and I am making it availa....
The circuit shown here is of a simple 0 to 9 display that can be employed in a lot of applications. The circuit is based on asynchronous decade counter 7490(IC2), a 7 segment display (D1), and a seven segment decoder/driver IC 7446 (IC1). The seven segment....
This circuit is a basic function of the FET 2N3819, which acts as a switch. In the conduction and not conduction. It runs contrary to the transistor. The....
Switched mode power supply units (SMPSUs) are popular but difficult to build oneself as well problematic when it comes to understanding their design principles. Building your own SMPSU typically requires a lot of expertise, hard to find components and time.....
Dynamic progress A change in technology is taking place in power factor correction. Static PFC systems are being progressively replaced by dynamic systems that offer new technical....
In older posts I mentioned, that I resoldered several ATMEL ATMEGA16 processors. So, I decided to build something usefull using this MCU. As this controller has more ROM and RAM, I decided to use only high level programming language- C. All software in these....
Once power has been applied to the circuit, the Red LEDs should all be flashing on and off together. The Yellow LEDs should be flashing on and off, but only every other Yellow LED should be on at one time. The Green LEDs will stay on at all times. The flash....
240W Power Amplifier class D circuit based TDA8924. The chip has a short-circuit proof output, thermal protection and acoustic protection from the inrush current when you turn on and off. The scheme provides two options turn on an amplifier both stereo and....
Here is a simple 2. 4 GHz SWR meter which can be easily found, which is based around surplus microwave hardware. The main component is a MECA -20/-20 dB Directional Coupler which has a frequency range of approximately 700 MHz to 2. 5 GHz. This particular....
I was asked by the MDRC committee of the day if I would like to take on the role as Electronic components and project officer, I didn`t see any problem with this and agreed. After being elected into the position I soon found out that a little more time would....
Abstract: The MAX1896 MAX1973 and MAX8863 combine to deliver 5V at 225mA, 1. 8V at 220mA, and 3. 3V at 60mA from a USB port. The schematics, BOM and performance data appear below. USB devices draw power from the USB port. The voltage is 4. 5V to 5. 25V and....
This Digital Circuit describes a Digital Blood Pressure Meter concept which uses an integrated pressure sensor, analog signal-conditioning circuitry, microcontroller hardware/software and a liquid crystal display. The sensing system reads the cuff pressure....
Once the mains power supply cuts off, the relay will only be able to turn ON after a period of 150 - 210 secs depending on the tolerance of the RC ....
Such jobs as jewel cutting and polishing require the workers to switch on/off two electrical appliances one after another repeatedly for two different services on the same workpiece. This is cumbersome as they need to fully concentrate on delicate handwork....
A collection of drawings of different 555 applications. Some are drawings of schematics found on the web and in books, and saved for my own reference. I did not save the web pages that these originated from, so some may not have proper attribution. If you....
The UBA2024 is a half-bridge IC and 550 V lamp controller. This device is equipped with 9 ohm switches that espouses standard CFL applications up to 15 W. The....
Most all power supplies regulate either their output voltage or output current at a constant level, depending on the load resistance relative to the power supply`s output voltage and current settings. This can be summarized as follows: To accomplish this....
As the title indicates the goal of the project was to develop a parking lot management system. In this project we had reduced our project into 5 design phases. In order to acheive the goal, we encountered with some problems and we made progress compared to....
We used as a starting point for our experiments, the switching device John Bedini had built for the Tesls Symposium. Our goal was to upgrade this switching device for ordinary car or motorcycle batteries....
Hmmm, if it is resistive, AC is equivalent to pulsed DC and the sensor is degraded in any case with the RMS value of the AC signal. If you appy 1VAC RMS, you could as well apply 1V DC. If you use an ADC10 or ADC12, the samples are take one after another....
This tutorial details the construction of a simple and low cost robot. The robot is mainly a line follower but can also be used as a photovore, a photophobe, and obstacle avoider!And all this for less than 40$. The best part is that the robot does not use....
When a short-circuit to ground occurs, which forces a DC voltage across the loudspeaker of >= V, a built-in protection circuit becomes active and limits the DC voltage across the loudspeaker to <= V. Pin 12 detects the status of the protection circuit (e. g.....
and C code for a frequency counter circuit operating up to about 50MHz using a multiplexed seven segment display and uses timer 1 to count edges of the input signal....
This device was designed on request and allows sequential operation of four Leds either to left or right direction, obtained by means of a 7555 CMos timer IC (IC1) wired as an astable multivibrator driving a Decade counter (IC2). This IC is set to count a....
Before we study the working principles of a TV receiver, it is worth knowing a little about the journey of the object image that we usually see on TV. Images that we see is the production of a camera. The object image captured camera lens will be separated....
The alarm detector circuit is different from Ultrasonic Alarm (1). In Ultrasonic Alarm (1), an alarm output is presented when there is a reflected wave from the object in the setup time. At the circuit this time, an alarm is output when no reflected wave....
The circuit uses LM35 as its temperature sensor, and displays the temperature (0-99 Celsius) using the two 7 segment display. The circuit is also programmed to turn on devices using the RC pins. Example: RC0 is ON when the temperature is above 39 Celsius.....
To design and build a wireless transmitter that works over the FM frequency and allows the transfer of a video/audio signal over a certain distance to an FM tuner. In this fast-paced world, there is little time for inconveniences and a greater need for....
I designed and built this Ring Counter Clock in 1970. The base is a 12" diameter/2" thick block of walnut from a hollowed-out gun stock blank. The back side of the base has been hollowed out to hold the circuit board. I chucked it up in a large lath and....
The first thing to do is to take notes indicating which wire connects where on the 36 tube socket. Remove all of the wires connected to the 36 tube socket. Then, drill out the rivets holding the five-pin 36 tube socket in place, and remove the five-pin 36....
One of the most unfortunate features of the usual portable Geiger counter is the short life of the expensive high-voltage batteries..
The following circuit shows about Photovoltaic Light Sensors In Solar Tracker. Features: accurate, low cost, simple, single axis electronic solar ....
This wide-range light dimmer circuit uses a unijunction transistor and a pulse transformer to provide phase control for the TRIAC. The circuit operates from a 115 volt, 60 Hz source and can control up to 800 watts of power to incandescent tights. The power....
Convert a feedforeward opamp PID loop to C code I am trying to do such a conversion and honestly, have no idea where to start. I can get all input values through an ADC, voltage, current, whatever, but coding a feedforeward PID is a little new to me. Any....
The Traffic light controller section consists of 12 Nos. point LEDS are arranged by 4Lanes in PS/8051 Trainer kit. Each lane has Go (Green), Listen (Yellow) and Stop (Red) LED is being placed. Microcontroller BoardsThe PS-8051 board which demonstrates the....
Many of us who use GTX 900 MHz radios to work amateur repeaters are well aware of the erratic output power problem. You go through the complete board replacement procedure, adjusting the deviation and output power, and everything looks great on the test....
Frequency shifting keying technique is used to transmit binary data. The circuit diagram with description fsk demodulator used 565 IC for frequency shift keying...
One type of metal detector is a type of beat frequency oscillator (BFO). The methods used in metal detectors in general are changing the characteristics of the oscillator when there are close to the metal sensor. The detector works based on the resonant....
This small transmitter uses a hartley type oscillator. Normally the capacitor in the tank circuit would connect at the base of the transistor, but at VHF the base emitter capacitance of the transistor acts as a short circuit, so in effect, it still is. The....
This circuit gives sound handful that modifies interestedly, occurrence sound rate cricket Fixed. By R3 should experience change the value C1,R5 and C2....
A digital clock is one that displays time in digital format. The circuit described here shows the time with double-digit "minutes" and two digits `seconds` in four seven segment displays. The segment of seven switches are interconnected with 8051....
This simple diode modulator delivers excellent results when used for high percentage modulation at low signal levels. Constants are shown for a carrier frequency of about 10 MHz, but, with a suitable tank, the circuit will give good results at any frequency....
In many discussions of LPAM transmitter design you will hear or read references to "the Wenzel circuit" or "the Wenzel transmitter. " These refer to the clever transmitter design downloadable at During the mid 1990s and early 2000s, this was the best....
Ground loop offset errors and ground noise are removed by a differential amplifier or instrumentation amplifier prior to A/D analog to digital conversion. The differential input amplifier mitigates ground loop errors. Precision measurement of non-isolated....
Switch a water solenoid valve using two water level switches, one will be placed at the top of a tank and will be NO (when water level is between full and empty) so that it will send a signal to the relay when the water reaches the top to stop the solenoid.....
The circuit diagram of this programmable sequencer could be applied in a number of timing uses. Prior to the start of each interval, an audible tone is generated, and a seven-segment LED display shows the interval number. Prior to the end of that inerval,....
The power amplifier circuit using MOSFET has been very popular, because the sound is very aggressive, as compared to transistors and ICs. It can be low-frequency and high-frequency response as well, it is highly durable. Usually, if compared with the same....
The TS2012 is a stereo fully differential class D power Amplifier Able to drive up to 1. 35W into an 8, load at 5V per channel. It achieves outstanding efficiency compared to typical class AB Audio amps. By STMicroelectronics ..
Trying to figure out why I`m getting hard shifts on low throttle positions. I have a couple questions as I found some components not holding vacuum. I`....
The second circuit simulates the siren of an American police car. It uses two 555 timers in the circuit. The 555 on the right is wired as an alarm tone generator and the second 555 timer on the left is wired as a low frequency astable timer which generates a....
Model Railroader is the world`s largest magazine on model trains and model railroad layouts. We feature beginner and advanced help on all model railroading scales, including layout track plans, model railroad product reviews, model train news, and model....
The schematic is very similar to the one seen in the CPLD Development Board Tutorial because it`s basically the same board with a tiny addition. The new part of the schematic is in the lower right corner. 8 (DIP) Switches, a resistor array & some additional....
In most countries it is now mandatory or at least recommended to have a rear fog light on a trailer with the additional requirement that, when the trailer is coupled to the car, the rear fog light of the towing car has to be off. The circuit shown here is....
A simple op amp and silicon diode are the heart of the temperature-to-voltage converter that will permit you to use an ordinary voltmeter-either analog or digital-to measure temperature. User adjustments make it possible for a reading of either 10 mV or 100....
This fan regulator circuit will automatically control the speed of your fan according to the temperature. Two thermistors (R1 and R2) are used to sense the temperature. The circuit works almost like the published here previously. Here the potentiometer is....
This application note is intended to familiarize the filter designer with the fundamentals of active filter design, using monolithic IC op amps. It presents a table of transfer functions and network equations for high-pass, low-pass, band-pass and....
Just ran a +12V switched wire back to the camera wiring and connected it to the same place that the reverse lights connect. That way, either the reverse lights or my switch can enable the camera. The important thing here is the use of diodes! These are used....
DC Voltage Regulator (NPN & Zener Regulator) There are instances where it is handy to have a regulated DC voltage power supply for use on your model....
This is how I designed a simple circuit that allows you to control a servo and put it through its paces....
The SLA battery is charged from the vehicle s battery. When the engine is running, the voltage remains fairly constant, which greatly simplifies the charging circuit. If the SLA battery is fully charged, any further charging current from the vehicle battery....
Channel 0 of the Dual Voltage/Current Source (DVI) was used as the input. Input levels of +3V and +5V were used. Load current was the variable of interest we wanted to relate to the performance of the DVI. One DVI with a maximum of 300 mA and another with a....
Designs for audio amplifiers with DC coupling to the load are not often encountered these days, even though they offer definite advantages....
A column-parallel analog-to-digital converter was designed for use with CMOS active pixel sensors (APS). The design goals included simplicity, small size, moderate speed (>10kHz), current input, and reasonable accuracy (6-bits). The ADC was designed to get a....
I learned that you could do PWM with the 555 chip. So I tested this idea. I will not attempt to explain the workings of the 555 chip because I found the page by Tony van Roon to be an excellent introduction to the 555 chip. Tony`s page discusses a slightly....
This project demonstrates a computer control interface using a USB Board. (USB INTERFACE PROJECT). This tutorial will show you a simple way to control some device like led, motors and other devices with computer through a USB Board. The traditional way to....
The circuit you are about to see is the culmination of some effort at improving the basic Link intercom design. You may think that pulse dialing is `old hat` nowadays, but the exercise of building and testing the Link `P` in this format, and understanding....
The 8-lead plastic mini-DIP LM3909 IC was developed by National Semiconductor in the mid `seventies of the past century. It was a monolithic oscillator specifically designed to flash Light Emitting Diodes. By using the timing capacitor for voltage boost, it....
An Arduino voltmeter that displays voltage on an LCD display. The voltmeter has 4 channels for measuring four different voltages....
AT89C51-12PI is a sub package of AT89C51, If you need see the description, please click AT89C51. If you need AT89C51-12PI`s datasheet, please download it from below. By ATMEL Corporation ..
A simple transistor amplifier circuit diagram and schematic which can be used as a 12 watts audio transistor amplifier.An op amp IC is used to produce the gain required....
The 555 will activate a relay. When pins 2 and 6 are connected as an input, the chip requires only about 1uA to activate the output. This is equivalent to a gain of about 200, 000, 000 (200 million) and represents about 4 stages of amplification via....
This Arduino-powered vocal effects box pitch shifts and distorts incoming audio signals to produce a wide variety of vocal effects. This project is my first experiment with real-time digital signal processing using Arduino. It samples an incoming microphone....
The following circuit shows about Circuit an Infrared Toy Car Motor Controller. This circuit based on the 4047 and4017 IC. Features: 16V Capacitor, 100k Resistor, Double IC. Component: IC, Switch, Diode, LED, Resistor, Capacitor, Motor, Transistor.....
FM Transmitter Circuit An low power FM Transmitter using an op-amp as the audio preamp and a single transistor as the RF amplifier. Circuit Diagram Parts List R1 4K7 R4 150K R7 3K9 (2K7)R2 4K7 R5 220R R8 120R (82R)R3 4K7 R6 4K7A....
A PIN photodiode, four low-noise op amps and a comparator are used to detect individual photons of gamma radiation. The schematic, design considerations and component selection are discussed....
Continued from the previous post. The same priciple is true for the followings, temperature to current transmitter. In this case the input voltage is propotional to the measured temperature, not the rotation. Temperature input, full analog, 2 wire, 4-20 mA....
Making yourself an alarm is both useful and interesting: but the best part is when you take the remote control out of your pocket, and switch on the alarm while saying to your friends: "I`ve done it in a weekend". Making yourself an alarm gives you maximum....
This circuit bellow shows a teleremote circuit which enables switching ?on? and ?off? of appliances through telephone lines. Can be used ...
This is a quartz-stabilized oscillator circuit with electronic gain control. Replacing the common filament lamp for amplitude stabilization, this circuit use....
This is the voltage converter to get the voltage of ±1,25-30V from the input voltage of ±35V. I am using the 3 terminal voltage regulator for the voltage to be changed in this unit....
