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Inverse heat conduction methods can be used to determine heat flux and temperatures on an inaccessible surface of a wall by measuring the temperature on an accessible boundary (TS method, Figure 1). The noise present in any measure of temperature, however,....
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Filtering thermocouple wires assures highly accurate temperature measurement, preventing thermocouple noise pickup, decoupling thermocouple signals, reducing thermocouple measurement error, thermocouple noise filter circuit reduces thermocouple error....
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Circuit likes sampled output of multiplexer and provides current required for driving transfluxor in analog-digital converter that produces six-bit binary Gray code. -N. Aron and C. Granger, Analog-To-Digital Converter Uses Transfluxors, Electronics, 35:20,....
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To avoid excess ripple output on a power supply feeding a heavy load, usually a large value capacitor is chosen following the rectifier. In this circuit, C1 is only a 470uF capacitor. The gyrator principle uses the effect that the value of input....
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This circuit provides a simple means of obtaining phase shifts between zero and 170°. The transistor operates as a phase splitter, the output at point A being 180° out of phase with the input. Point B is in phase with the input phase. Adjusting Rl provides....
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This circuit detects brief shorts or opens. When S2 is in the up position, the circuit indicates if there is or..
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6 function 8 channel light chaser using 8051. AT89S51 which belongs to the 8051 family is used for generating 6 lighting sequences. Simple software and hardware....
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This 60-W. 28-V broadband amplifier covers the 225-400 MHz military communications band. The amplifier may be used singly as a 60-W output stage in a 225-400 MHz transmitter. or by using two of these amplifiers combined with quadrature couplers, a 100-W....
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The brightness of a fluorescent light bulb or neon tube cannot adjust as easily as that of a incandescent bulb because it starts only when a voltage is much higher than that of the network, then remains on at electrical network voltage. Normally, the high....
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How would you like free boost driver designs?! Though I can`t control anyone`s actions, I would appreciate it if anyone wishing to sell this circuit....
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A peak level indicator when a signal exceeds a certain maximum value. It can be quite useful, for instance, with tape recorders, mixing consoles etc. One of the most important requirements of a peak level indicator is that it should respond to very short....
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This application note describes a controller for a 200 W, 24 V Brushless DC (BLDC) motor used to power an electric bike. The design uses Zilog`s Z8 Encore! MC Z8FMC16100 Microcontroller unit (MCU) and associated circuitry to implement motoring control,....
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A regenerative radio receiver is unsurpassed in comparable simplicity, weak signal reception, inherent noise-limiting and agc action and, freedom from overloading and spurious responses. The regenerative radio receiver or, even super-regenerative radio....
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You may wish to use a 12 to 24V battery, like a Gel Cell, since the car power or cheap power wall wart style supply is probably too noisy. You may have to adjust the resistor value (1.2K for 24V). Whatever gets the phones working and does not use more than....
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The two T-notch filter can be used to block unwanted frequencies or if placed in an op amp as a bandpass filter. the notch frequency occurs where the capa....
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This is example of a simple inverter that can be used to power fluorescent lamp and a small strobe. This circuit will produce over 400VDC from a 12 VDC, 2.5 A....
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This circuitry offers some features that are highly desirable when building a QRP (or ANY) transceiver. It also includes a combination of features that many might not always take the time to include in their projects. Considerable effort has been made to....
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A solar powered Flasher to scare away the nocturnal animals like bats and cats from the farm yard or premises of the house. The brilliant multicolored flashes confuse these animals and they avoid the hostile situation. It is fully automatic, turns on in the....
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I finally completed a working AM transmitter. The transmitter`s design is based on several ideas, but mainly based on Phil`s Li`l 7 Transmitter design. It is not always easy to achieve oscillation in LC-based transmitters without the right combination of....
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This logic probe can be selected to operate on TTL or CMOS logic levels, depending on switch S1. A string of resistors associated with switch S1 sets the threshold levels for a window comparator comprising IC1a and IC1b. Depending on whether the level....
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The DG419looks into the high input impedance of the op amp, so the effects of Rvs(o"l are negligible. The DG441 is also connected in series with RIN and is not included in the feedback dividers, thus contributing negligibleDirect-coupled Single-Ended (SE) 6V6 and 6V6GT Tube Amplifier Schematic with ECC83 Driver Stage. From the book Build your own Audio Valve Amplifier by Rainer zur Linde...The problems that exist in common crossover networks are known. The low-pass filter causes delay in the signal. On the contrary the high-pass filter causes be pre-ahead in the signal that it in goes through from this. So, the cross-frequency are created....The popular USB interface can charge a portable device while transferring data. But for high-capacity batteries, the 500-mA output current of USB hosts and powered hubs greatly extends the charging time. (Unpowered USB hubs supply no more than 100 mA.) Thus,....This is a 25 Watt basic power amp that was designed to be (relatively) easy to build at a reasonable cost. It has better performance than the standard STK module amps that are used in practically every mass market stereo receiver manufactured today....The MOC3021is optically isolated triac driver devices. These devices contain a GaAs infrared emitting diode and a light activated silicon bilateral switch, which functions like a triac. They are designed for interfacing between electronic controls and power....This circuit is designed to switch on/off any home or industrial appliance by using the TV/DVD remote controller. The circuit can be operated up to a dist....The transmitter is shown and although straightforward, there are a couple of tricks that I had to incorporate to minimise battery drain during standby. Although the PIC quiescent current is only 200uA, that will still flatten a pair of AA or AAA 1.5V cells....Here is a teleremote circuit which enables switching on` and off` of appliances through telephone lines. It can be used to switch appliances from any distance, overcoming the limited range of infrared and radio remote controls. The circuit described here can....The voltage regulator circuit was constructed using the LM317T, 3 terminal regulator. A heatsink was utilized to cool down the LM317T. The output voltage can be set to anywhere in the range of 1. 5 volts to 30 volts. However, for our application we needed a....This circuit can be used as a mixer and a stereo track four. The quad op-RNAP IC gives a little gain for each track, the pan control provides panning between one and two tracks with the switch to high, and with the switch to low, it is possible to pan....A Hartley oscillator is shown at the right. It uses most of the same components as the Clapp oscillator. A capacitor is necessary to block the gate bias voltage from the tuned circuit. The tuning capacitor is a 100 pF poly capacitor. L1 is a coil wound with....This is one way of generating an intense magnetic pulse. A charged capacitor is discharged through a loop shaped inductor and an intense magnetic field is generated. This circuit burns a 555 chip which is placed slightly above the loop shaped inductor (L2). ..This simple and slightly odd circuit can clearly show the level of the supply voltage (in a larger device): as long as the indicator has good 12 volts at its input, LED1 gives steady, uninterrupted (for the naked eye) yellow light. If the input voltage falls....You should have the GNU tools configured, built, and installed on your system. In this chapter, we present a simple example of using the GNU tools in an AVR project. After reading this chapter, you should have a better feel as to how the tools are used and....With this circuit we can change the brightness of lamb, with a only key of touch. The key of touch is connected in the circuit, center of which is a special completed IC1, which is the S566B of SIEMENS. This IC, it processes the information of duration of....This circuit has an adjustable output timer that will re-trigger at regular intervals. The output period can be anything from a fraction of a second to half-an-hour or more - and it can be made to recur at regular intervals of anything from seconds to days....This relay circuit is controlled by almost any type of infrared remote controller. This circuit works on assumption that almost all remote controller use high....This is a simple, precise voltage-controlled current source. Bipolar supplies will permit bipolar output. Configurations featuring a grounded voltage- control source and a grounded load are usually more complex and depend upon several components for....The H-bridge: The H-bridge is a commonly known, and commonly used way to drive a brushed DC motor. It allows for simple forward/reverse drive, ....This audio noise filter circuit is a bandpass filter for audio frequency band. It filters unwanted signals that are lower or higher than the audio frequencies. It has 2 filters: a low pass filter and a high pass filter in a cascade configuration. Both....However effective a domestic alarm system may be, it`s invariably better if it never goes off, and the best way to ensure this is to make potential burglars think the premises are occupied. Indeed, unless you own old masters or objects of great value likely....I learned that you could do PWM with the 555 chip. So I tested this idea. I will not attempt to explain the workings of the 555 chip because I found the page by Tony van Roon to be an excellent introduction to the 555 chip. Tony`s page discusses a slightly....Most modern transceivers have a built in interface. These interfaces work well in digital modes, but seem to lack support in analog voice modes. A case in point is the Yaesu transceivers that only permit the use of their internal interface when the....D-200W unique module design, overload, overvoltage, overheating, short circuit, reverse polarity power source, a variety of speakers shock protection feature set within a modul..So I wasn`t really in the mood of making and coding the timing controller for the PCB laser printer. And I remembered I had this laser tag gun that I took out of optical alignment the last time I took it apart. I figured it wouldn`t be a bad idea to take it....The Micromag3 is a 3-axis magnetometer that measures the strength of magnetic fields in 3 directions. It can measure magnetic fields that are approximately the same strength as the Earth`s magnetic field. Common applications include orientation sensing and....As we all know, from the amplifier output stage to the previous stage, although a large loop feedback to improve frequency response and harmonic distortion indicators amplifier..If you are looking at this page, you probably feel like I did when I tried to run a self-powered PIC programmer with my notebook computer. Yes, the serial port was the ultra-low-power type and wouldn`t provide enough current to power the programmer. The....Only one channel is shown, both channels are identical. The input and output RF filter coils and capacitors should be build on the RCA jacks, keep the leads short and use coax to run the signals to the circuitry. The circuit should be build inside of a metal....The white LEDs have different voltage and current requirements so they will need different resistors. So I`ll begin with a parts list: It`s the same idea as before, only the white LEDs are shaped differently because they have their own heatsink that they are....This circuit shows that dimmers intended for use at mains voltage do not always have to contain a triac. Here, a MOSFET (BUZ41A, 500 V/4. 5A) in a diode bridge is used to control the voltage across an incandescent bulb with pulse-width modulation (PWM). A....While working on an Electricity/Electronics exhibit for the Museum of Science in Boston I discovered a number of serious problems in attempting to explain simple electricity. One problem was the obscure way that exhibit devices typically present electrical....The 12VDC supply provides power for the camera and video modulator circuits. The video from the camera is fed into the video input of the modulator circuit. The modulated RF from the modulator is fed into a small antenna. Use of a dipole antenna that is....The circuit in Figure 1 is an FPGA-based, synchronous FIFO that uses the same clock for read and write operations. The circuit can generate FIFO-occupancy flags with a minimum of logic. The boxed area in Figure 1 shows a more conventional occupancy meter.....The circuit shown earlier in figure 2-6 and the discussion in previous paragraphs were for illustrative purposes only. In reality, such a circuit would not be practical. However, the basic principle involved (the change in reactance of an oscillator circuit....Now-a-days every institution needs automation. As a part of college automation, we have decided to do a project Voice Interactive System for College Automation . Our project allows the user to know the student`s attendance and marks quickly through the....A very simple circuit forexperiments with AT90S2313, 2x16 LCD display and 4x4 keypad. The clock is based on 4 MHz crystal, but you can use any other crystalbetween 1-4 MHz. The keys with the name "A", "B". "F" are typed to the LCD with numbers 10-16. Because....A large number of intercom stations can be tied together. All units are connected in parallel, and the entire system is buzzed by only one signaling circuit. Each unit is powered individually from 1.5-V cells for redundancy. For greater signal volume, 3-V....4 Channel Infrared (IR) Remote is a simple kit using the famous HT12A and HT12D encoder / decoder chips from Holtek...Also you have mentioned that the op amp in the second stage gets damaged. Can you confirm that by testing that op amp in a buffer configuration(or any simple configuration) I am asking you to do this because we need to know if the part is actually failing or....A PIC is a Programmable Integrated Circuit. It is the big black ractangle on our breadboard. The standard PIC used in the course was a 28-pin package, the Microchip PIC18F2455. For our project, however, we uses a more robust PIC with more advanced PWM (Pulse....This low noise microphone amplifier is build with MAT02 produced by PMI. This mic amplifier is very performant and has a verylow noise level. The amplification can be 20dB or 23. 5dB (10x or 15x ) selected by S1. We aim to transmit more information by....The circuit can be used to give a visible or an audible warning that the headlights are on. It uses a 2N1305 ..This circuit makes a nice lamp that consumes little power, runs cool, and has an incredibly long lifetime. The lamp puts out a warm yellow shade of light, the color may be adjusted by changing the number of red or green LED strings. Operating Voltage: 12V DC....a regulated and noise free power supply voltage for the microcntroller and other components like amplifiers, filters and GPS etc. , otherwise a voltage surge generated in the voltage being fed to the microcontroller and other components may permanently....One of ZiLOG`s most popular Z8 One Time Programmables (OTPs), the Z86E02 features a 512-byte EPROM 61 bytes of RAM, 14 I/Os, Watch-Dog Timer Power- On-Reset, a Low-Voltage Protection circuit and one additional Timer Special fea- tures on the Z86E02 include....The memory part of my Mark 2 system is extremely simple. There are two 32K SRAM chips (actually FRAM because I had them lying around, but there isn`t any significant difference in this application). These are selected with the logical OR of the MREQ signal....The CAN Bus interface uses an asynchronous transmission scheme controlled by start and stop bits at the beginning and end of each character. This interface is used, employing serial binary interchange. Information is passed from transmitters to receivers in....Industrial applications sometimes require that power be only briefly applied to a load following the closure of a switch, such as a microswitch or foot switch. The load could be a heating element for use in sealing plastic bags, a de motor that is indexed....This tutorial is for making simplest FM transmitter using one transistor. You can make this project with less components and it is an easy and simple project for beginners. Before you proceed, please see the schematic given below. In the schematic, you will....This design is based on one published by Milan Lulic in the German magazine elektroModell. Mr. Lulic`s design is for surface mount technology (SMT) construction, whereas mine uses standard off-the-shelf components, and is therefore better suited to....The circuit provides a 10MHz cutoff frequency. Resistor R3 ensures that the input capacitance of the amplifier does not interact with the filter response at the frequency of interest. ..In previous Instructables tutorials we have described how to make equipment used for DNA electrophoresis and imaging. These include a mini-gel electro....CR1, CR2, CR3, and CR4 form a bridge circuit with the SCR across the dc legs. With light on the photoconductor PCI, CI charges through Rl to about 150 Vdc. The resistance of PCI is low when illuminated, so very little voltage appears across it or C2. At....Convert a feedforeward opamp PID loop to C code I am trying to do such a conversion and honestly, have no idea where to start. I can get all input values through an ADC, voltage, current, whatever, but coding a feedforeward PID is a little new to me. Any....The circuit that I`ve described is a one-JFET design without much gain. You can significantly boost the gain by adding a source resistor bypass capacitor. The result would be something like one stage of the original tube preamp in a guitar amplifier. Next,....As I used this probe last nigh to determine if a 384 MHz oscillator was really working or not, I remembered email I received a while ago, asking how to make a field strength indicator without the microcontroller. Thus this page. If you want the auto zero....A power transistor can be used to provide a high powered zener voltage from a low wattage zener. A 400 mW zener can be used where a 10 watt zener is required or a 1 W zener can be used where a 50 to 80 watt zener is required by using appropriate transistors....The circuit below consists of two multivibrators. The first multivibrator provides the speed of the change from `hee` to `haw` and operates at a low frequency....Many power-factor-correction circuits use a boost converter to generate a regulated dc output voltage from the ac line inp..Single transistor flyback driver caused many problems due to it's operating principle. I received e-mails from people who were unable to get it functional even when they are sure that their flyback and transistor is OK. In addition, since it's resonance....For basic requirements we can use Square Wave Inverters which is very simple, low cost and easy to make. But for driving inductive loads pure sine wave inverters are preferred. Here we are dealing with a Simple Low Power Square Wave Inverter using CD4047. It....This topic continues from the more general Passive Tone Control circuit, which begins using only passive filters. This circuit follows the previous design, although the component values are different and in an alternate configuration. An audio tone control....This schematic example (see sine2square. png ) demonstrates a sinusoidal voltage input at a frequency of 10KHz converted to a square wave through an inverter-based circuit. VDD and VSS rails are ties to +1V and =1V, respectively. The control file (....The new LTC1155 Dual Power MOSFET Driver delivers 12V of gate drive to two N-channel power MOSFETs when powered from a 5V supply with no external components required. This ability, coupled with its micropower current demands and protection features,....Circuit as shown by 555 and the light emitting tube. 555 and R1, R2, C1 composition astable multivibrator, the oscillation frequency f 1.44/(R1 + 2R2) C1, the vibration frequen..As shown for the LM4819 audio power amplifier. An audio signal input through Ci, Ri coupling applied to the amplifier inverting input terminal (4 feet), and the amplifier inverting input terminal (pin 3) ..It consists only from Microchip PIC 16F84 cpu and LCD text module. Author states that this counter is capable metering frequencies from 400Hz to 50MHz. I used faster, 20MHz version of 16F84A-20I/P, and it managed to count 80MHz oscillator output...To complement the 60 Watt MosFet Audio Amplifier a High Quality Preamplifier design was necessary. A discrete components topology, using and - 24V supply rails was chosen, keeping the transistor count to the minimum, but still allowing low noise, very low....