Top Circuits Page 227
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In this instructable I`ll show you how to build a detachable solar panel and battery charger for your backpack. This can power or charge all your gadg....
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Is possible to syncronize the leds so that first, the speakers are still playing aloud, and two, the led are not always on during music playing. i pretty educated in electrical so i hope there is anyway at all to do this. Thanks. I`m having trouble following....
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Here is a rough schematic of the circuit (also my first experience with Eagle!). Notes: Only the W1 output of the thermostat is used. C is the common....
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A circuit that will block my TV and any device I choose from getting a signal from the normal remote control. I turn an ordinary remote into a jammer and the remote still works normally! Watch the video to see it work. I chose to use a Sony remote control....
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The Arduino Internet Gizmo consists of an Arduino, a RFID card reader, a bunch of LEDs and other components mounted in a recycled PC power supply case....
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A Solar Engine is a circuit that takes in and stores electrical energy from solar cells, and when a predetermined amount has accumulated, it switches....
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Hi all! I designed this circuit about four months ago, and I had so much fun with it, that I turned it into a kit. I designed the circuit, program, a....
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Before I begin talking about the schematic, let it be known that there are four hardware blocks to this circuit: 1) The wall transformer 2) The charge....
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As space is at a premium here, I`m using a small 6V battery and dropping the voltage down by 1.2V to 4.8V with the diodes D1 and D2. The PicAxe chip....
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This instructable started with my previous camera hack making a remote shutter release. I found a 555 timer tutorial and realized how great it would b....
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Wire the circuit diagram shown here on a bread board. The choice of V type of AVR is important. For example Tiny13V is very appropriate for such an ex....
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Do you have an amplifier hidden somewhere in the living room or basement (or home theater) that you want it to turn on when you start to play music?....
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Now, when the construction is nearly done, here is a circuit diagram. When I finally settled on how it was going to be done, and set it down on paper,....
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My projects typically involve many LEDs and microcontrollers. However sometimes I just love the simplest of things with LEDs. One of the very basic L....
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A $35 TEACHING AID FOR BASIC ELECTRONICS, AND AN INVALUABLE EXPERIMENTAL SETUP FOR THE ELECTRONICS HOBBYIST. Teaching basic Analog and Digital Electr....
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The heart of this controller is a switch mode voltage converter. L1 converts voltage. Q1 is the switch that control current the goes through L1. The b....
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This is a little circuit that i designed that could be used for achargingcontroller or voltage limiter. Its very useful if you are thinking of maki. In the assembly of the circuit u can alter the circuit as you please. For instance ididn`tgo as exact as....
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The area that I live in has been in a drought for a year or more. As such we now have water restrictions on washing the car, watering the garden etc....
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Since I have read an article on todbot blog, I bought a couple of Wii Nunchucks from ebay. I don`t remember how much I paid for them, but it was much....
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To build it, just follow the schematic as shown. (If you need help, please, do not hesitate to message me!) If you`re having trouble identifying the....
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I poked around till I found an arrangement that worked. Siren circuit: I shorted the reed switch as shown. I removed the power supply and created c....
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There is not much to this circuit. Above are all the graphics and pictures. After you gather all your materials, take your transistor and wire it up....
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Hi This is a 25 nos Led operated from mains of 230v supply. I bought a flourscent lamp adapter from a scrap dealer, because its easy to disman....
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AVR In System Programmer UK manufactured by Kanda who are a popular choice for AVR In System Programmer UK and AVR In System Programmer worldwide....
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A possible source of quiet and limitless energy for submarine propulsion. It will be noted that this hexagonal construction of coils and magnets and two "rotating" sub-circuits has absolutely no source of power. Yet, to the mystified Coler and Dr. Schumann,....
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Excess electrical energy has been discovered in spark gaps using Carbon/Graphite - Thoriated Tungsten rods with a Coefficient of Performance (COP) greater than 100% across the gap. A Wimshurst Generator is used as a primary high-voltage dynamo. A Tesla-like....
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The Intan Technologies RHA2116 16-channel integrated amplifier array requires only three external resistors (to set amplifier bandwidth), two capacitors (to smooth power supply), and one square centimeter of board area. Intan Technologies digital-output and....
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Series of current pulses are imposed on the structure simulated, and average currents of the 70%~90% section of each curve are calculated, (b) Voltage vs. time curves are obtained from the simulation. And the average voltage of the 70%~90% section of each....
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Measured output power and efficiency of a 6 dBm 130nm CMOS class-D inverter chain, using gate bias variation to create a pulse width modulated inverter output voltage (Cijvat et al. , 2008). (b). Efficiency versus output power of two amplifiers, one with....
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An edge combiner comprising MOSFETs C and D has to generate a 16ps pulse. Centre frequency as a function of NMOS width Wser over inverter width Winv. Figure 12. Illustration of transmitted, reflected, dissipated and leaked signals of a switch in the (a) ON....
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Phase controlled AC voltage regulator, (a) Using back to back SCR and diode and (b) using inverse parallel SCR (c) Using diode-bridge and single SCR Figure 30. Input and output voltage waveforms for input 250V and output 300V. V1(V5): Input voltage- bottom....
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Upper traces show voltages VOUT, lower traces show transients. Frequency transition at 500 us. Figure 16. Upper: baseband signal from simulator in FDX mode retrieved by reader. Middle: digital signal on simulator LOADMOD line that generated the upper trace.....
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As the continuous growth of global vehicle production and owned, the problems brought by vehicles are conspicuousness day after day. These problems are much more serious in China. Thus developing zero emission electric vehicles have become the main....
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The diagrams of starting up of the TEP-60 diesel engines starter in chain of current accumulators: 1- baterry current without SCB, when traction generator operates in a starter mode; 2- baterry current with SCB, when traction generator operates in a starter....
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Typical solutions for vertical movement of probe of bed profiling devices (guide wheels, dumpers, brakes, backlash and vibration suppressors not shown). Figure 7. Pictorial description of a complete mechanism for vertical motion of a bed profiler; the....
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The vertical line indicates the instance of the 5th harmonic filter connection Figure 3. Diagram of the power system with the designed group of single-tuned filters for system with DC drive supplied by 6-pulse controlled rectifier:PN = 22kW, UN = 440V, IN =....
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The 555 Timer shown below is configured as an 555 Astable Multivibrator previously discussed. However additional components have been added to enhance the operation of the circuit. As soon as the circuit is powered up the 555 will begin producing a square....
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A form of relaxation oscillator which comprises two stages that are coupled so that the input of one is derived from the output of the other. Basically two amplifiers cross-coupled with regenerative feedback, in it`s most simplistic form. One of the....
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The Astable multivibrator circuit has no stable state. With no external signal applied, the internal transistors alternately switch from cutoff to saturation at a frequency determined by the RC time constants of the coupling circuits. So an Astable....
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The 555 Timer is an integrated circuit used as a timer, a pulse generator, tone generator and many other circuit functions, all from one universal IC function. Each pin function is described and design recommendation are given when required. A Monostable....
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This circuit takes the outputs from two different 555 multivibrators and combines them using a summing Op Amp. Shown only to depict another implementation of a 555 timer, most of the back ground calculations being covered under the other topics in this....
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Neither term describes a regulator, only its placement within a circuit or system. Any voltage regulator could meet the requirements, depending on its placement. A listing of Analog Voltage Regulator IC manufacturers. The types of products or devices they....
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The IEEE-1284 bus defines a parallel printer bus specification with speeds above 1MBps. IEEE-1284 defines a Point-To-Point asynchronous bi-directional interface. Devices may be either 1284 compatible {the older parallel port devices} or 1284 compliant. The....
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The Physical interface bus being either fiber [Optical] or wire [electrical]. The difference here, in some cases, is that the electrical interface being defined resides just prior to the optical encoder. So the Physical interface bus from device to device is....
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Higher bandwidth connections are made by grouping 4 or 12 pairs together, for up to 3 GB/s full-duplex connections. InfiniBand is designed to be used over a Backplane, Copper wire or Fiber. The impedance for the PWB interface or cable interface is 100W. All....
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EIA/TIA-422 defines a Balanced (differential) interface; specifying a single, unidirectional driver with multiple receivers (up to 32). RS-422 will support Point-to-Point, and Multi-Drop circuits, but not Multi-Point [ EIA485 ]. EIA-485 devices may be used....
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The EIA/TIA-423 Unbalanced (Single-Ended) interface; specifies a single, unidirectional driver with multiple receivers (up to 10). ". Specifies the electrical characteristics of the unbalanced voltage digital interface circuit, normally implemented in....
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Designed with an output voltage swing of 350mV at better then 400Mbps into a 100 ohm load, across a distance of about 10 meters. LVDS is only an Electrical spec - to be referenced by other specifications, it may be used with either a cable or PWB design. The....
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The allowable reduction in system performance. For a fire control radar, the acceptable degradation is usually expressed as a reduction in range; for example, the maximum lock-on range might be degraded by 25 percent without loss of essential defense....
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An audio cross-over network is used inside a speaker to separate or filter audio signals of different frequencies to different speakers within a speaker cabinet designed to handle those frequencies. This particular crossover network uses two passive....
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A device through which an electric current flows and which changes electrical energy into another form. Power consumed by a device or circuit in performing its function. A load my be represented by a resistor and capacitor. The capacitor used in the load....
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An audio tone control combines both a Base control and a treble control in the same circuit. Tone controls are found on lower-end audio gear because it saves both front panel space on the unit and only requires one control knob, instead of two separate....
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A type of output structure used with integrated circuits in which one transistor drives the output high while another transistor connected below it pulls the output low. Many ICs use Totem-Pole Outputs, in fact it`s so common that the output structure isn`t....
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Binary Coded Decimal is a number system that only counts from 0 to 9 and then repeats. The table below shows the conversion between the different numbering systems and BCD code. BCD is also called 8421 because the binary LSB counts as a 1, the next bit adds....
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Gray Code. A positional binary number notation in which any two numbers whose difference is one is represented by expressions that are the same except in one place and differ by only one unit in that place. A code composed of a number of bits assigned in....
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A Peak Detector is any circuit that functions to detect the peak voltage of an incoming waveform. Basically the circuit is used as an Amplitude Modulation [AM] detector, Pulse Amplitude Modulation [PAM] detector or Envelope detector. The particular circuit....
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This page lists a few transistor circuits not found on other pages because no topic exists. However the circuits do serve to make some specific point, but do not come with a description. An example of an RF amplifier circuit using a transistor is shown....
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A circuit that uses both positive and negative alternations in an alternating current to produce direct current. There are two types of Full-Wave Rectifier circuits; one that only uses two diodes but requires a center tapped transformer [shown below], and....
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A circuit that uses one cycle in an alternating current to produce direct current. A Half-Wave rectifier circuit only generates DC from either the positive or negative cycle of the AC input, but not both. Note that the Half-wave Rectifier circuit does not....
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The I2C bus uses a bi-directional Serial Clock Line [SCL] and Serial Data Lines [SDA]. Both the SCL and SDA lines are pulled high via an Rp resistor. Resistor Rs is optional, and used for ESD protection for `Hot-Swap` devices. No other lines are specified.....
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This Magnitude Comparator can be used perform comparisons of two 8-bit binary or BCD words. The output provides both a P equals Q function or P greater than Q function. A Magnitude Comparator would be considered standard logic or glue logic when a discrete....
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I`m not all that clear of the difference between a data selector and a multiplexer. Although the designs I`ve been involved in stopped using small scale ICs in the early 1990`s, as the physical side of the work moved into general purpose PALs and MACHs.....
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MIL-PRF-19500/543; Semiconductor Device, Transistor, Field Effect, N-Channel, Silicon, Repetitive Avalanche Types 2N6764, 2N6764T1, 2N6766, 2N6766T1, 2N6768, 2N6768T1, 2N6770, and 2N6770T1 [TO-204AE; formerly designated as a TO-3] TO-204 Flange mount.....
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Once the case temperature reaches 250C the device must be derated up to a maximum case temperature of 1500C, insuring the junction temperature remains below the maximum permissible temperature. MIL-PRF-19500/543; Semiconductor Device, Transistor, Field....
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The CAN Bus interface uses an asynchronous transmission scheme controlled by start and stop bits at the beginning and end of each character. This interface is used, employing serial binary interchange. Information is passed from transmitters to receivers in....
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The PCI Express [PCIe] bus defines the Electrical, topology and protocol for the physical layer of a point to point serial interface over copper wire or optical fiber. In addition to the Physical Layer, the PCI Express specification also covers the....
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A multivibrator is a form of relaxation oscillator which comprises two stages that are coupled so that the input of one is derived from the output of the other. A multivibrator is basically two amplifier circuits arranged with regenerative feedback. One of....
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An Armstrong Oscillator is a type of oscillator that uses a tickler coil which provides feedback from tank circuit. The Armstrong Oscillator is used to produce a sine-wave output of constant amplitude and of fairly constant frequency within the rf range.....
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This circuit represents another version of an Armstrong Oscillator. This particular example uses a crystal in addition to the LC tank circuit used by the previous Series-Fed Armstrong Oscillator. By definition the Armstrong Oscillator uses a tickler coil for....
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The CAN Interface is a Balanced (differential) 2-wire interface running over either a Shielded Twisted Pair (STP), Un-shielded Twisted Pair (UTP), or Ribbon cable. Each node uses a Male 9-pin D connector. The Bit Encoding used is: Non Return to Zero (NRZ)....
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This circuit is designed to output both a sine wave and cosine wave. This particular design uses an operational amplifier. As shown in the schematic the output frequency is set by the component values as 1Hz. The first operational amplifier outputs a 1Hz....
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In the general sense a mixer is basically any circuit that combines two or more circuits or signals into a common output. A more commonly used definition defines a mixer as a nonlinear circuit as one that accepts as its input two different frequencies [F1 &....
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An Autodyne circuit combines three functions normally found in different stages in an RF Receiver into a single circuit. However the three stages which are the RF amplifier, the Mixer and the Local Oscillator are normally found concatenated together.....
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Although a distribution amplifier may accept different input channels and output those to particular outputs. The term is meant to describe something that outputs the same signal to some number of outputs,based on one input. The outputs are identical, and....
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This discussion continues on from the audio tone control topic, which introduced both passive and active tone controls. The follow on topics might be a 2-Band Active Tone Control, or the 3-Band Active Tone Control. An audio equalizer is used to adjust the....
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A Hartley Oscillator is a style of oscillator that uses two series connected inductors or an inductor with a center tapped coil, along with a capacitor. The tank circuit is formed by the inductor and the parallel capacitor. An oscillator circuit requires an....
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This is not a complex function and could be easily coded into a PLD or FPGA. However implementing this function into a small PLD might just use up most of the chip`s I/O pins and defeat the purpose of the PLD. That is; spending more for the PLD, than using....
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A shift register works by shifting data to the right with each clock pulse. Regardless of if the data is loaded in all at once via parallel load or one bit at a time via serial input. Each clock pulse shifts data into the first flip flop, the data that was....
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The 74ALS996 part is shown which corresponds to the commercial temperature range, but the 54ALS996 may also be available which would operate up to the military temperature range. Although these parts are always available in the same packages, as the ALS....