Top Circuits Page 244
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Controlled rectifiers are line commutated ac to dc power converters which are used to convert a fixed voltage, fixed frequency ac power supply into variable dc output voltage. The input supply fed to a controlled rectifier is ac supply at a fixed rms voltage....
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The inverter plays a vital role in Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS). It is used to convert the direct current (DC) to alternating Current (AC) of required voltage. The basic single phase parallel inverter circuit consists of two SCRs T1 and T2, an inductor....
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Simple resistor, diode combinations trigger and control SCRs over the full 180 electrical degree range, performing well at commercial temperatures. These types of circuits operate most satisfactorily when SCRs have fairly strong gate sensitivities. Since in....
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Diagram shows an R-C-Diode circuit giving full half-cycle control (180 electrical degrees). On the positive half-cycle of SCR anode voltage the capacitor charges to the trigger point of the SCR in a time determined by the RC time constant and the rising....
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A unijunction transistor (UJT) is an electronic semiconductor device that has only one junction. The UJT has three terminals: an emitter (E) and two bases (B1 and B2). The base is formed by lightly doped n-type bar of silicon. Two ohmic contacts B1 and B2....
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The Spartan-3an board has eight LED Connected with FPGA I/O pins (details tabulated below). The cathode of each LED connects to ground via a 330 © resistor. To light an individual LED, drive the associated FPGA control signal to High...
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The Spartan-6 board has 2x16 LCD, indicated as in Figure. The 2x16 character LCD interface card with supports both modes 4-bit and 8-bit interface, and also facility to adjust contrast through trim pot. In 8-bit interface 11 lines needed to create 8-bit....
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-
-
The Spartan-6 board has 16 LEDs Connected with FPGA I/O pins (details tabulated below). The cathode of each LED connects to ground via a 330 © resistor. To light an individual LED, drive the associated FPGA control signal to High...
-
The Spartan-6 board has on board 5v Relay interfacing, indicated as in Figure. ULN2803 is used as a driver for FPGA I/O lines, drivers output connected to relay modules. PTB connector provided for external power supply if needed...
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The UART (universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter) is a serial protocol with separate transmits and receives lines, and can be used for full duplex communication. The Spartan-6 board has 2 Serial Port, indicated as in Figure. RS-232 serial communication....
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The Spartan-6 board has 2-channel 12 Bit SPI ADC, indicated as in Figure. As you know in synchronous serial communication there is a clock line (SCK in case of SPI) which synchronizes the transfer. The clock is always controlled by the MASTER. In our case....
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A touch screen is an electronic visual display that can detect the presence and location of a touch within the display area. The term generally refers to touching the display of the device with a finger or hand. Touch screens can also sense other passive....
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This robot was designed as a project for secondary school pupils to build on an activity day. The chassis was provided to the pupils pre cut. The entire cost of the components per robot was just under GBP5 including the batteries. The robot is built on a....
-
In many discussions of LPAM transmitter design you will hear or read references to "the Wenzel circuit" or "the Wenzel transmitter. " These refer to the clever transmitter design downloadable at During the mid 1990s and early 2000s, this was the best....
-
Working on strowger phone exchanges involves a lot of soldering, but unlike modern electronics, you can`t use a fancy temperature controlled soldering station, with built in solder stand etc when you`re up a ladder. For one thing, you`ve usually only got a....
-
THE PRINCIPLE of operation of the RCA Theremin is that of the beat frequency oscillator, The frequency of one oscillator may be varied by the capacity change caused in an associated circuit by the movement of the hand to or from a pitch control rod, Also an....
-
I bring you wiring diagram of PCs power supply of DTK company. This power supply has ATX design and 200W performance. I was drawed diagram, when I repaired this power supply. This power supply circuit uses chip TL494. Similar circuit is used in the most....
-
Compact fluorescent lamps have some benefits in comparison with classic light bulbs. It is lower power consumption (to 80%) and much longer lifetime (5 to 15 times). Disadvantages are longer starts mainly at more expensive types, impossibility to use darker....
-
In supply section after bridge rectifier and smoothing capacitor is used common voltage regulator LM317, which has with R1 and R2 adjusted output voltage about 8V. Supply line goes through inductor to DAC chip for theoretically lower HF interference which....
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Circuit AD1865 is considered like best 18bit stereo audio DAC ever. I already built another DAC, that I will not say everything again. However I found, that current output is too weak and instead of using external I/V converter I used this, what is included....
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-
-
To avoid hum and interference in our high quality DAC we need to galvanically isolate him from a signal source and break potential unwanted ground loop. One possibility is to isolate DAC on input of the S/PDIF decoder with pulse transformer or connect him....
-
For power supply is needed transformer with two individual secondary 12V windings. If you want to supply from transformer S/PDIF decoder and transformer doesn`t have third separated winding, we must connect supply input of decoder parallel to winding for....
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A couple of USB DACs but no one have I2S output. Some people doesn`t need S/PDIF input and they want only USB. With these requirements is unnecessary to convert signal first from USB to S/PDIF and next to I2S for DAC. This board have analog headphone output,....
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All DAC boards includes supply part. It is enough to connect only power transformer. Here I offer board for toroidal 10VA transformer manufactured by Talema which has pins to the PCB and it has very small radiation of electromagnetic field to the....
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Every DAC board and also decoder includes power supply part. Only one part which missing is power transformer. It is possible to use for example toroidal transformer with a power switch and fuse holder on a chassis. I offer here one of many variants where is....
-
It is high performance DAC with oversampling, delta-sigma architecture and maximum sample frequency 192kHz/24bit. It has balanced voltage output. It is connected to high-quality operational amplifier which has low-pass filter function and buffer with....
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This circuit is next experiment to build high quality DAC with optical input TOSLINK, electrical input S/PDIF and USB input. Both electrical inputs are galvanic separated from DAC. This circuit was thought like part of preamplifier / headphone amplifier with....
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High quality DAC convertor from USB to S/PDIF. I choose PCM2704 circuit, which sent me TI company like sample. Circuit has analog output for headphones and digital S/PDIF output with electrical and optical(TOSLINK) interface. We can use too 3 HID buttons for....
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The plan is to have some plant sensing working for a groworld installation we are doing at Camp Pixelache so I`ve made the circuitry a little more durable with a bit of soldering: Here`s the circuit diagram the values of components are influenced by what I....
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-
A circuit that can detect a light beam cut. The first circuit i made was a light/dark detector with photoresistor. Although it could sense the light cut, it had a major disadvantage: extreme interferences from ambient light. That is why i designed this....
-
-
This is a very easy circuit that every one could make and have fun. This project popped out of nowhere, one day that i was trying to control the TV from the serial port of the computer. It took me no more than a few minutes to understand the simple method....
-
Circuits that generates PWM pulses. Most of them will translate a resistor value into duty cycle change. Although that is handy and easy, sometimes a voltage controlled PWM generator is needed. There are of course those micro-controllers that could make....
-
I designed the simplest remote-controlled autocue system possible with materials that i unburied from my old-and-busted bin, my old P4 laptop, a totally broken USB keyboard, a piece of plexiglass. A foot-switch controls the scrolling of the text in the....
-
This circuit will drive a relay coil from a low power output, usually from an IC like 555 or a TTL/CMOS. It is used to switch high loads or loads that needs AC current to operate. The relay will be actuated when the input of the circuit goes high. The....
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The FT8U232AM requires a small number of external components to produce a device that converts USB to TTL level RS232 signals. All you need to add is a TTL to RS232 converter to provide the 12V RS232 logic levels. The FT8U232AM and supporting components is....
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The purpose of this project was to develop a stepper motor driver for 2-phase unipolar stepper motors that has built in current control. The eventual target project for this driver is for my CNC milling machine that I am currently planning out. This needs a....
-
-
-
A MFM Encoder works according to the principle of time shifting and phase shifting. This method is based on the transmitting frequency and the MFM signals are generated in connection with the double transmitting frequency. More details concerning the MFM can....
-
-
This is the second part of the square root algorithm. It was developed in one month during the final stages of finishing this web site and reviewing this document for publication. While Part I dealt with an empirical discovery for a sequential algorithm to....
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A two-circuit tuner, as the loose coupler, is one of the only ways selectivity can be accomplished without sacrificing sensitivity. Let`s look at the circuit, see figure #8: The signal is introduced to the primary antenna section via SW-1 arrangement, in....
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-
-
-
This is a project that I undertook during June 1996 as my final year electronics project. The entire circuit was built using individual components including logic gate ICs and and keyboard decoder IC. Since them electronics has moved on and if this was....
-
A simple project to use an Arduino to rotate a GH-2 on a fluid head by set degrees to take 360 panos. The control of the motor is simple. Lots of motor DIY out there. What I need help with is how to wire the Arduino to the GH-2 shutter release. I`m aware the....
-
The goal of this project was to create a multi-effect guitar processor. This device will be capable of changing the tonal qualities of the guitar. Through these changes in tone it is possible to give the guitar a very wide array of unique sounds. This....
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Three schematics for those of you who would like to build your own. If you know how to read electronic schematics, the three stun gun circuits on this page include all the information you need to make a stun gun. Personally I have no idea what they mean...
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Make an electronic focuser to help with the astro-photography. The electronic focuser project allows accurate focussing under computer control. This is most useful for eyepiece projection astro-photography where I found that touching the focuser was enough....
-
The long exposure modified TouCam Pro II camera may show signs of unacceptable noise in the pictures for exposures of over 30s or so. In order to combat this effect the CCD chip may be cooled. The cooling device I used was a Peltier module. A second hand....
-
The first thing to do is to take notes indicating which wire connects where on the 36 tube socket. Remove all of the wires connected to the 36 tube socket. Then, drill out the rivets holding the five-pin 36 tube socket in place, and remove the five-pin 36....
-
A pair of thyristors in a controlled full-wave bridge configuration provide a 100Hz rectified supply. This is smoothed by an active smoothing circuit to give a DC supply of 1. 56V. The thyristors only conduct for a short period when they are triggered in the....
-
The circuit being very simple, this project can be used as a first NXT hardware hack. A white LED (D1) is powered through a 150 ohm resistor (R1) by the 4. 3V NXT power supply. The threshold of white LEDs is about 3. 5V, so the current in the resistor will....
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The red laser line slowly sweeps the object (here a Fabuland lamb head). Behind the scanned object, two planes with a 90 ° angle provide reference to the scanning software. They are also marked with regularly spaced black dots that serve during the....
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A distance sensor would be a nice addition to Mindstorms robots, but ultrasonic ones were bulky and power hungry, and simple infrared method like the one I used in my radar car detects obstacles but don`t give true distance measurement. The solution came....
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Lego rotation sensor is a nice little device that enables RCX to measure rotation of an axle with good resolution: 16 steps per turn. Unfortunately it is plagued with a problem: at low rotation speed value read seems to jump randomly from 1 or two units. So....
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Originally, the tank cost around Php400 but then it was sold at around a hundred less. Without thinking twice I know I had a great offer so I decided to buy the toy. Opening the toy was quite a bit tricky. The track belt needs to be removed first and the....
-
The inductive sensor is a simple enough device at the fundamental level. It is simply a coil of wire with a current passing through it. It completely ignores most objects which pass near this coil. However, when a metallic object passes near it, it acts as a....
-
-
-
-
-
A "theremin" is an instrument you can play just by changing the proximity of your hands with respect to the instrument`s sensors. Traditional theremins generate the classic spacey, spooky sounds from sci-fi and horror films. Ours is a simple optical version.....
-
The circuits looked at so far depended for their functioning on linear feedback. The magnitude of the signal returned to the negative input was always strictly proportional to that of the output voltage. The result was that within the limits set by the....
-
The Q-Switch driver for an old Yag laser died. A replacement was >$1000 so we built our own for = 20W into a 50 ohm load at 68MHz. The rep rate had to be adjustable between 100Hz and 100KHz and have a TTL output to synchronize the output with other....
-
I was excited when I found VRbot - a voice recognition module, that has several interesting functions such as Without hesitation, I bought one of the module for my experiment. The module size is about 1" x 1 3/4". The company provides a free download GUI....
-
One of the motors always seem to hesitate and be on or off randomly. Also the motors are just very unpredictable in general (with this setup that is). When I use them independently they work fine without any hesitation or anything. Regarding your GPS unit,....
-
After an LCD workout you`ll find LED segments pretty easy to drive, so don`t worry too much about the programming! That 20M circuit shown above has code => & schematic => Tec- excuse these boring Q`s, but they`ll help us to better appreciate your quest. This....
-
The IR Widget captures the infrared signals used by remote controls. It is able to determine the carrier frequency and demodulate the carrier in the digital or analog domain. The captured information can be used to reproduce or recognize the signal. The....
-
To change the frequency of the output by the dividing ratio of the comparison frequency in the 10KHz unit, the dividing ratio is fixing on 1024 at the circuit this time. Because the 144-MHz bandwidth of the amateur radio is 2MHz(144. 0MHz to 146. 0MHz) in....
-
By the hysteresis characteristic, the voltage which becomes the H level with the input voltage of the inverter rising from 0 V (Voltage that the output becomes 0 V) and the voltage which becomes the L level, descending from +5 V (Voltage that the output....
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The Wien bridge sine wave oscillator to introduce is the oscillator which works in the oscillation by returning(positive feedback) the oscillation output to the input. The point of this circuit is the negative feedback circuit to make the oscillation....
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This is the square wave oscillator which used a CMOS-type logic inverters. I use the word "logic inverter" to avoid confusion with the DC/AC inverter. The output of the oscillator is connected with the drive circuit through the logic inverters. The antiphase....
-
It is using the IC-type multi-vibrator for the oscillator of the alternating current. The frequency is about 60 Hz. I used 7400 as the IC for the oscillator but 7404 is OK. The signal of the oscillator has the switching operation with TR1-TR4. TR2 and TR4....
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In case of making of a PCB, there is technique which makes a wide grounding pattern except the signal and power pattern. This technique is used for the circuit for the high frequency or when preventing an influence by the noise from outside, and so on. When....
-
The oscillation circuit of the transmitter was added. An oscillation circuit by 555 IC is used for a modified circuit. This is to adjust an oscillation frequency easily. Thereby, it is necessary to change the software...
-
The ultrasonic signal which was received with the reception sensor is amplified by 1000 times(60dB) of voltage with the operational amplifier with two stages. It is 100 times at the first stage (40dB) and 10 times (20dB) at the next stage. Generally, the....
-
It doesn`t break if being little even if it crosses the value of the input/output electric current characteristic. It breaks when short-circuiting and doing the extreme thing in the output. It is explained by the following circuit operation but because the....
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The alarm detector circuit is different from Ultrasonic Alarm (1). In Ultrasonic Alarm (1), an alarm output is presented when there is a reflected wave from the object in the setup time. At the circuit this time, an alarm is output when no reflected wave....
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Controlled rectifiers are line commutated ac to dc power converters which are used to convert a fixed voltage, fixed frequency ac power supply into variable dc output voltage. The input supply fed to a controlled rectifier is ac supply at a fixed rms voltage....
The inverter plays a vital role in Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS). It is used to convert the direct current (DC) to alternating Current (AC) of required voltage. The basic single phase parallel inverter circuit consists of two SCRs T1 and T2, an inductor....
Simple resistor, diode combinations trigger and control SCRs over the full 180 electrical degree range, performing well at commercial temperatures. These types of circuits operate most satisfactorily when SCRs have fairly strong gate sensitivities. Since in....
Diagram shows an R-C-Diode circuit giving full half-cycle control (180 electrical degrees). On the positive half-cycle of SCR anode voltage the capacitor charges to the trigger point of the SCR in a time determined by the RC time constant and the rising....
A unijunction transistor (UJT) is an electronic semiconductor device that has only one junction. The UJT has three terminals: an emitter (E) and two bases (B1 and B2). The base is formed by lightly doped n-type bar of silicon. Two ohmic contacts B1 and B2....
The Spartan-3an board has eight LED Connected with FPGA I/O pins (details tabulated below). The cathode of each LED connects to ground via a 330 © resistor. To light an individual LED, drive the associated FPGA control signal to High...
The Spartan-6 board has 2x16 LCD, indicated as in Figure. The 2x16 character LCD interface card with supports both modes 4-bit and 8-bit interface, and also facility to adjust contrast through trim pot. In 8-bit interface 11 lines needed to create 8-bit....
The Spartan-6 board has 16 LEDs Connected with FPGA I/O pins (details tabulated below). The cathode of each LED connects to ground via a 330 © resistor. To light an individual LED, drive the associated FPGA control signal to High...
The Spartan-6 board has on board 5v Relay interfacing, indicated as in Figure. ULN2803 is used as a driver for FPGA I/O lines, drivers output connected to relay modules. PTB connector provided for external power supply if needed...
The UART (universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter) is a serial protocol with separate transmits and receives lines, and can be used for full duplex communication. The Spartan-6 board has 2 Serial Port, indicated as in Figure. RS-232 serial communication....
The Spartan-6 board has 2-channel 12 Bit SPI ADC, indicated as in Figure. As you know in synchronous serial communication there is a clock line (SCK in case of SPI) which synchronizes the transfer. The clock is always controlled by the MASTER. In our case....
A touch screen is an electronic visual display that can detect the presence and location of a touch within the display area. The term generally refers to touching the display of the device with a finger or hand. Touch screens can also sense other passive....
This robot was designed as a project for secondary school pupils to build on an activity day. The chassis was provided to the pupils pre cut. The entire cost of the components per robot was just under GBP5 including the batteries. The robot is built on a....
In many discussions of LPAM transmitter design you will hear or read references to "the Wenzel circuit" or "the Wenzel transmitter. " These refer to the clever transmitter design downloadable at During the mid 1990s and early 2000s, this was the best....
Working on strowger phone exchanges involves a lot of soldering, but unlike modern electronics, you can`t use a fancy temperature controlled soldering station, with built in solder stand etc when you`re up a ladder. For one thing, you`ve usually only got a....
THE PRINCIPLE of operation of the RCA Theremin is that of the beat frequency oscillator, The frequency of one oscillator may be varied by the capacity change caused in an associated circuit by the movement of the hand to or from a pitch control rod, Also an....
I bring you wiring diagram of PCs power supply of DTK company. This power supply has ATX design and 200W performance. I was drawed diagram, when I repaired this power supply. This power supply circuit uses chip TL494. Similar circuit is used in the most....
Compact fluorescent lamps have some benefits in comparison with classic light bulbs. It is lower power consumption (to 80%) and much longer lifetime (5 to 15 times). Disadvantages are longer starts mainly at more expensive types, impossibility to use darker....
In supply section after bridge rectifier and smoothing capacitor is used common voltage regulator LM317, which has with R1 and R2 adjusted output voltage about 8V. Supply line goes through inductor to DAC chip for theoretically lower HF interference which....
Circuit AD1865 is considered like best 18bit stereo audio DAC ever. I already built another DAC, that I will not say everything again. However I found, that current output is too weak and instead of using external I/V converter I used this, what is included....
To avoid hum and interference in our high quality DAC we need to galvanically isolate him from a signal source and break potential unwanted ground loop. One possibility is to isolate DAC on input of the S/PDIF decoder with pulse transformer or connect him....
For power supply is needed transformer with two individual secondary 12V windings. If you want to supply from transformer S/PDIF decoder and transformer doesn`t have third separated winding, we must connect supply input of decoder parallel to winding for....
A couple of USB DACs but no one have I2S output. Some people doesn`t need S/PDIF input and they want only USB. With these requirements is unnecessary to convert signal first from USB to S/PDIF and next to I2S for DAC. This board have analog headphone output,....
All DAC boards includes supply part. It is enough to connect only power transformer. Here I offer board for toroidal 10VA transformer manufactured by Talema which has pins to the PCB and it has very small radiation of electromagnetic field to the....
Every DAC board and also decoder includes power supply part. Only one part which missing is power transformer. It is possible to use for example toroidal transformer with a power switch and fuse holder on a chassis. I offer here one of many variants where is....
It is high performance DAC with oversampling, delta-sigma architecture and maximum sample frequency 192kHz/24bit. It has balanced voltage output. It is connected to high-quality operational amplifier which has low-pass filter function and buffer with....
This circuit is next experiment to build high quality DAC with optical input TOSLINK, electrical input S/PDIF and USB input. Both electrical inputs are galvanic separated from DAC. This circuit was thought like part of preamplifier / headphone amplifier with....
High quality DAC convertor from USB to S/PDIF. I choose PCM2704 circuit, which sent me TI company like sample. Circuit has analog output for headphones and digital S/PDIF output with electrical and optical(TOSLINK) interface. We can use too 3 HID buttons for....
The plan is to have some plant sensing working for a groworld installation we are doing at Camp Pixelache so I`ve made the circuitry a little more durable with a bit of soldering: Here`s the circuit diagram the values of components are influenced by what I....
A circuit that can detect a light beam cut. The first circuit i made was a light/dark detector with photoresistor. Although it could sense the light cut, it had a major disadvantage: extreme interferences from ambient light. That is why i designed this....
This is a very easy circuit that every one could make and have fun. This project popped out of nowhere, one day that i was trying to control the TV from the serial port of the computer. It took me no more than a few minutes to understand the simple method....
Circuits that generates PWM pulses. Most of them will translate a resistor value into duty cycle change. Although that is handy and easy, sometimes a voltage controlled PWM generator is needed. There are of course those micro-controllers that could make....
I designed the simplest remote-controlled autocue system possible with materials that i unburied from my old-and-busted bin, my old P4 laptop, a totally broken USB keyboard, a piece of plexiglass. A foot-switch controls the scrolling of the text in the....
This circuit will drive a relay coil from a low power output, usually from an IC like 555 or a TTL/CMOS. It is used to switch high loads or loads that needs AC current to operate. The relay will be actuated when the input of the circuit goes high. The....
The FT8U232AM requires a small number of external components to produce a device that converts USB to TTL level RS232 signals. All you need to add is a TTL to RS232 converter to provide the 12V RS232 logic levels. The FT8U232AM and supporting components is....
The purpose of this project was to develop a stepper motor driver for 2-phase unipolar stepper motors that has built in current control. The eventual target project for this driver is for my CNC milling machine that I am currently planning out. This needs a....
A MFM Encoder works according to the principle of time shifting and phase shifting. This method is based on the transmitting frequency and the MFM signals are generated in connection with the double transmitting frequency. More details concerning the MFM can....
This is the second part of the square root algorithm. It was developed in one month during the final stages of finishing this web site and reviewing this document for publication. While Part I dealt with an empirical discovery for a sequential algorithm to....
A two-circuit tuner, as the loose coupler, is one of the only ways selectivity can be accomplished without sacrificing sensitivity. Let`s look at the circuit, see figure #8: The signal is introduced to the primary antenna section via SW-1 arrangement, in....
This is a project that I undertook during June 1996 as my final year electronics project. The entire circuit was built using individual components including logic gate ICs and and keyboard decoder IC. Since them electronics has moved on and if this was....
A simple project to use an Arduino to rotate a GH-2 on a fluid head by set degrees to take 360 panos. The control of the motor is simple. Lots of motor DIY out there. What I need help with is how to wire the Arduino to the GH-2 shutter release. I`m aware the....
The goal of this project was to create a multi-effect guitar processor. This device will be capable of changing the tonal qualities of the guitar. Through these changes in tone it is possible to give the guitar a very wide array of unique sounds. This....
Three schematics for those of you who would like to build your own. If you know how to read electronic schematics, the three stun gun circuits on this page include all the information you need to make a stun gun. Personally I have no idea what they mean...
Make an electronic focuser to help with the astro-photography. The electronic focuser project allows accurate focussing under computer control. This is most useful for eyepiece projection astro-photography where I found that touching the focuser was enough....
The long exposure modified TouCam Pro II camera may show signs of unacceptable noise in the pictures for exposures of over 30s or so. In order to combat this effect the CCD chip may be cooled. The cooling device I used was a Peltier module. A second hand....
The first thing to do is to take notes indicating which wire connects where on the 36 tube socket. Remove all of the wires connected to the 36 tube socket. Then, drill out the rivets holding the five-pin 36 tube socket in place, and remove the five-pin 36....
A pair of thyristors in a controlled full-wave bridge configuration provide a 100Hz rectified supply. This is smoothed by an active smoothing circuit to give a DC supply of 1. 56V. The thyristors only conduct for a short period when they are triggered in the....
The circuit being very simple, this project can be used as a first NXT hardware hack. A white LED (D1) is powered through a 150 ohm resistor (R1) by the 4. 3V NXT power supply. The threshold of white LEDs is about 3. 5V, so the current in the resistor will....
A distance sensor would be a nice addition to Mindstorms robots, but ultrasonic ones were bulky and power hungry, and simple infrared method like the one I used in my radar car detects obstacles but don`t give true distance measurement. The solution came....
Originally, the tank cost around Php400 but then it was sold at around a hundred less. Without thinking twice I know I had a great offer so I decided to buy the toy. Opening the toy was quite a bit tricky. The track belt needs to be removed first and the.....jpg "Inductive Proximity Sensors")
The inductive sensor is a simple enough device at the fundamental level. It is simply a coil of wire with a current passing through it. It completely ignores most objects which pass near this coil. However, when a metallic object passes near it, it acts as a....
A "theremin" is an instrument you can play just by changing the proximity of your hands with respect to the instrument`s sensors. Traditional theremins generate the classic spacey, spooky sounds from sci-fi and horror films. Ours is a simple optical version.....
The circuits looked at so far depended for their functioning on linear feedback. The magnitude of the signal returned to the negative input was always strictly proportional to that of the output voltage. The result was that within the limits set by the....
The Q-Switch driver for an old Yag laser died. A replacement was >$1000 so we built our own for = 20W into a 50 ohm load at 68MHz. The rep rate had to be adjustable between 100Hz and 100KHz and have a TTL output to synchronize the output with other....
I was excited when I found VRbot - a voice recognition module, that has several interesting functions such as Without hesitation, I bought one of the module for my experiment. The module size is about 1" x 1 3/4". The company provides a free download GUI....
One of the motors always seem to hesitate and be on or off randomly. Also the motors are just very unpredictable in general (with this setup that is). When I use them independently they work fine without any hesitation or anything. Regarding your GPS unit,....
After an LCD workout you`ll find LED segments pretty easy to drive, so don`t worry too much about the programming! That 20M circuit shown above has code => & schematic => Tec- excuse these boring Q`s, but they`ll help us to better appreciate your quest. This....
The IR Widget captures the infrared signals used by remote controls. It is able to determine the carrier frequency and demodulate the carrier in the digital or analog domain. The captured information can be used to reproduce or recognize the signal. The....
To change the frequency of the output by the dividing ratio of the comparison frequency in the 10KHz unit, the dividing ratio is fixing on 1024 at the circuit this time. Because the 144-MHz bandwidth of the amateur radio is 2MHz(144. 0MHz to 146. 0MHz) in....
By the hysteresis characteristic, the voltage which becomes the H level with the input voltage of the inverter rising from 0 V (Voltage that the output becomes 0 V) and the voltage which becomes the L level, descending from +5 V (Voltage that the output....
The Wien bridge sine wave oscillator to introduce is the oscillator which works in the oscillation by returning(positive feedback) the oscillation output to the input. The point of this circuit is the negative feedback circuit to make the oscillation....
This is the square wave oscillator which used a CMOS-type logic inverters. I use the word "logic inverter" to avoid confusion with the DC/AC inverter. The output of the oscillator is connected with the drive circuit through the logic inverters. The antiphase....
It is using the IC-type multi-vibrator for the oscillator of the alternating current. The frequency is about 60 Hz. I used 7400 as the IC for the oscillator but 7404 is OK. The signal of the oscillator has the switching operation with TR1-TR4. TR2 and TR4....
In case of making of a PCB, there is technique which makes a wide grounding pattern except the signal and power pattern. This technique is used for the circuit for the high frequency or when preventing an influence by the noise from outside, and so on. When....
The oscillation circuit of the transmitter was added. An oscillation circuit by 555 IC is used for a modified circuit. This is to adjust an oscillation frequency easily. Thereby, it is necessary to change the software...
The ultrasonic signal which was received with the reception sensor is amplified by 1000 times(60dB) of voltage with the operational amplifier with two stages. It is 100 times at the first stage (40dB) and 10 times (20dB) at the next stage. Generally, the....
It doesn`t break if being little even if it crosses the value of the input/output electric current characteristic. It breaks when short-circuiting and doing the extreme thing in the output. It is explained by the following circuit operation but because the....
The alarm detector circuit is different from Ultrasonic Alarm (1). In Ultrasonic Alarm (1), an alarm output is presented when there is a reflected wave from the object in the setup time. At the circuit this time, an alarm is output when no reflected wave....
