Top Circuits Page 266
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That circuit is similar in concept to the BK Butler/Tubeworks Tube Driver. Since there is only a 9v supply, the tubes operate in "starved plate" mode. Preamp tubes normally operate on 100v-300v. It`s similar to using a Variac on a tube amp. When there is....
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A charge amplifier is an amplifier whose equivalent input impedance is a capacitive reactance that is very high at low frequencies. Thus contrary to what its name may suggest, a charge amplifier does not amplify the electric charge present at its input. Its....
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An operational amplifier, which is often called an op-amp, is a DC - coupled high- gain electronic voltage amplifier with a differential input and, usually, a single-ended output. [1] An op-amp produces an output voltage that is typically millions of times....
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This plugin consists of a single 555 Astable. This plugin is very versatile, and can be used for any number of things, but it often is used to give a clock to run a circuit. The plugin below gives a pulse of about 2Hz with a very low mark-space ratio. The....
-
Linear electronic oscillator circuits, which generate a sinusoidal output signal, are composed of an amplifier and a frequency selective element,a filter. An oscillator circuit which uses an RC network, a combination of resistors and capacitors, for its....
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A tuned radio frequency receiver (TRF receiver) is a radio receiver that is usually composed of several tuned radio frequency amplifiers followed by circuits to detect and amplify the audio signal. A 3 stage TRF receiver includes a RF stage, a detector stage....
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A voltage-controlled oscillator or VCO is an electronic oscillator designed to be controlled in oscillation frequency by a voltage input. The frequency of oscillation is varied by the applied DC voltage, while modulating signals may also be fed into the VCO....
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In some versions you don`t have the input buffer at all, and in some versions the buffer transistors have different biasing or different transistors. Some have even BIG errors. Errorswith the biasing, errors with the transistor symbols. I understand that the....
-
In industrial PLC applications, one of the old, but simpler methods of displaying numeric information is to use one or more 7-Segment numeric displays connected to an output card of a PLC. Although it is possible to build such a display yourself, it is far....
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-
This power supply circuit uses 120 volts household mains and should only be attempted by someone that has the knowledge and skills to safely construct such a project. Otherwise personal injury and or property damage could result...
-
This circuit is basically repeated for each of the 3 motor phases. Here is my experience with repairing the motor control board in this washer. The Q5 mosfet blew out on c phase of the motor drive circuit and the 75 ohm resistor labeled J12 driving this....
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-
-
This solid state relay circuit uses 120 volts household mains and should only be attempted by someone that has the knowledge and skills to safely construct such a project. Otherwise personal injury and or property damage could result...
-
-
Those drivers could run fourteen leds but just went with twelve. This means that i could add 12 leds to mine with no extra drivers. Not that i will do that now but if my tank gets bigger (honey i swear the tank has been growing from day one you just havent....
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The lighting hood of AquaOne AR-320 tank. These small tanks generally come with crappy tubes with low power output and an algae-friendly colour spectrum. There are numerous ways to improve the lighting such as replacing the hood with a metal halide pendant,....
-
The circuit uses AC mains voltage and otherhigh voltages that can cause injury or death. The 125 is a basic heterodyne configuration, in which the outputs of two similar radio-frequency Colpitts oscillators are fed to a mixer, producing their difference....
-
Since the publication of the type 144 theremin project article in September, 1998, many of them have been successfully constructed. As in the 144, and its forerunner, the Southwest Technical Products model 142, the 145 theremin retains a heterodyne topology....
-
This circuit is a basic theremin with only a pitch control. It uses the "heterodyne" technique, as did Theremin`s original instrument. Heterodyning is advantageous in its simplicity, and is made further attractive in this design by eliminating the coils that....
-
The 203 Theremin utilizes Wien-bridge oscillators in a heterodyne configuration to produce an audible tone that corresponds to hand position. The instrument provides the convenience and safety of 9-volt battery operation, in a compact enclosure. It is a....
-
This simple circuit amplitude-modulates a single tone in such a manner to approximate the echo effect one might obtain, for instance, with sonar apparatus. Any reader who has been on a sonar-equipped vessel will realize that some imagination is required to....
-
-
The circuit illustrated produces a short duration of rapidly-sequencing tones, invoking the stereotypical sonic imagery of a sophisticated computer, such as would be scripted for the science-fiction genre. I designed this circuit for use in the composition....
-
This circuit generates the sound of the electronic ringer found in modern telephones, supplanting the 2-bell electromechanical ringers used previously. The ringing pattern follows the United States convention of 2 seconds on, and 4 seconds off. During the....
-
The circuit illustrated produces a clean sine wave signal ideal for audio testing, or wherever a good-quality sine voltage source is required. It uses one integrated circuit which is a widely-available dual operational amplifier, the Texas Instruments....
-
This circuit detects motion within approximately 5 inches of a piezo-ceramic element ultrasonic transducer. The detection distance is much smaller than obtainable with other ultrasonic techniques, however, it only requires a single transducer, as opposed to....
-
This circuit controls a small, four-phase, five-wire, unipolar stepper motor, commonly designated the "KP4M4-001. " This type of motor was used in many 5 1/4" floppy disk drives in older computers. Now obsolete, such disk drives are often available on the....
-
-
Adrian Bontenbal has provided us with updated notes from his experiments in building a re-creation of Clara Rockmore`s theremin. As you`ll recall, Bob Moog shared his hand-drawn schematic for Clara`s instrument over a decade ago. Adrian started with that....
-
The above circuit, whilst it works, is GREATLY INFERIOR to Lev`s Oscillator for Theremin use. The above simulation waveforms - Red Sine = voltage on L1:A, Black Sine = Voltage on Q1:D, Blue square wave is current through L1:B and Q1 (10mA, 5mA average) It....
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-
A mute-switch for the Etherwave that adds a "mute status" light which doubles as a power-on light. Here`s the schematic. Don`t forget to browse the rest of Art`s great site!..
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This project was inspired by a sense of wanting to build something a little unusual rather than with the expectation that it would become a useful transmitter. At the time of writing I`m at the breadboarding stage and have yet to decide if I will keep the....
-
The job of this timer is to disconnect thecompressor circuit and connect a resistive heatingelement located near the evaporator atregular time intervals. The defrost heater is thermostaticallycontrolled and is used to melt any frostformation on the....
-
The gas furnace is the simplest to operate and understand. Therefore, we will use it here to look at a typicalheating system. This type of natural-gas furnace is used to heat millions of homes in the United States. Note the location of theblower switch and....
-
Using a 555 with perhaps a 4029, and I would add a 4511, then connect the pins (using resistors of course), of the bargraph leds, to "a-g" pins of the 4511. To top it all off the graphs I received are all common anode, which is a pain because I`m not too....
-
-
With the impending close down of the 405-line transmitter network those of us with collections of early TV sets are having to make new arrangements to supply them with suitable signals. Whatever the scheme used, some method of converting baseband audio and....
-
-
This diagram shows a redundant - closed loop ground wiring system. This is intended to reduce dependency on the frame for ground purposes in the charging circuit. The second (lower) diagram is as the bike was built using the 12 volt Alton generator and an....
-
Another project started with three others not finished. What would my Dad say Well one thing he would say is, "Warn people that this project is under construction and has not been proved to work yet". You have been warned. I had to use a signal generator,....
-
Take a V2-400 and use the sub-woofer amplifier for the center channel. Then add a separate Digital Converter just for the added sub-woofer amplifier and you have the starting of a V5. 1. Next, put all the preamplifiers in the sub-woofer box and make a....
-
I began tracing the BASH amplifier circuit for my V. 2-400. The following schematics are my best effort to document what I found. I have also described design defects I have found and what I am doing to improve them. Evan Shultz spent an amazing amount of....
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-
-
Wanted the flashlight to be squat so I could hold it in my mouth, throw it in mypocket, and lay it on a surface with the beam shootingup. I wanted to build it for about $15, which was around 1/4 what they were selling for when I started the project. Prices....
-
This project started from seeing pages describing arcstarters that could be constructed for practically no cost from stuff just laying around in the typical tinker`s shop. It has been a fun project, but I have a basement crammed full of stuff and I still had....
-
The stator output is AC, a battery is DC. You will have to add a rectifier to change the output to DC, and this will use up avaiable watts. I have been told you could lose 10-15 watts by using a rectifier. (I`m not THAT much of an electronics wizz, so I`m....
-
WxVoice is an automated voice-back system that uses your PC`s voice modem to speak the current and past weather conditions over the telephone. WxVoice takes advantage of Text-to-Speech (TTS) technology to produce a more natural sounding dialogue than other....
-
When trying to move things with microcontrollers, there are basically three kinds of motors that are most useful: DC motors, servomotors, and stepper motors. Most all motors work on the electrical principle of induction. When you put electric current through....
-
A stepper motor is a motor controlled by a series of electromagnetic coils. The center shaft has a series of magnets mounted on it, and the coils surrounding the shaft are alternately given current or not, creating magnetic fields which repulse or attract....
-
MIDI, or Musical Instrument Digital Interface, is a specification for a communications protocol between digital synthesizers and other digital music devices. It was developed to be as simple and general as possible, to give synthesizer manufacturers as much....
-
Digital output from a microcontroller is typically a low-amperage signal. For example, when you put a pin HIGH on the microcontroller (in Wiring/Arduino, it`sG‚ digitalWrite(somePin, HIGH); ), the voltage coming from that pin is typically +3. 3V or +5V, and....
-
-
-
There was a discussion on synth-diy a while ago about the problems of building a voltage controlled oscillator with a sawtooth wave output whose duty cycle (the ratio of ramp-up time to ramp-down time) is adjustable with a seperate control voltage. [Don:....
-
-
This is an original design for an interpolating scanner, a circuit with a number of signal inputs, a control voltage input and a signal output. The output effectively selects between the inputs, fading from one to the next, as the control voltage rises. A....
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The circuit board I purchased didn`t have a working 48v phantom power voltage converter on it. That was completely fine with me because I wanted to build a 48v DC phantom powermicrophone pre-amp which would be powered by five 9v batteries. It was good luck....
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This is my first project using an AVR microcontroller and really the first embedded systems project I`ve done since college. I had two options for programming languages C and assembly. I chose assembly because I was familiar (at least with the 8051) and....
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-
-
Writing MCU assembly code is often a hard and tedious task. You can simplify software development and gain more time to design the electronics hardware if, instead of manual coding, you use TINA`s Flowchart editor and debugger to generate and debug the MCU....
-
-
-
A microcontroller is a single-chip computer. It has internal RAM, ROM, timers, counters, interrupt circuitry, I/O ports, analog comparators, serial USARTs, analog to digital converters, watchdog timers, and a RISC architecture. When you are using a....
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A durable car power inverter can give you a more convenient life. 100W car power inverter is the best choice for traveler when driving outside, or meeting an urgent need when power failure. AC adapter can be widely fit to all kinds of electrical devices....
-
-
Cooling an instrument or a device can improve the SNR (signal-to-noise ratio), and it can also prolong product life. For example, the dark-and-noise signal of an infrared detector`s output at room temperature can be an order of magnitude smaller when cooled.....
-
Bridge circuits have long been popular for conditioning signals from resistive sensors. These circuits are sensitive to small changes in resistance, and they provide a differential output from a single current or voltage source. But the sensors you connect....
-
A zero-crossing detector would convert an input sine wave (Vin) to a square wave, which when high would charge an op-amp integrator. Subsequently, a reference-input square wave would discharge the integrator. The integrator output voltage at the conclusion....
-
This project was on my list for a while. The main reason was that the winch on the Jeep is permanently connected to the battery. So every nut job in a parking lot could just stick a paper clip into the winch remote and play with the winch, or worse, shorten....
-
This was one of those reviews where time and circumstances conspired to allow a dual-test. I made the first contacts with Vacuum State, and Allen was eager to oblige. Combine this with a planned trip to Brittany and it was obvious that Geoff too would have a....
-
The TNT Convertus has been one of my favorite designs. It was probably one of the first DAC DIY projects published in Italy, and attracted a lot of attention (well, given the size of the market, obviously. ). A few changes have been made to the original....
-
-
The Wien-Bridge oscillator fulfills these requirements because there is a low pass filter, a high pass filter and a 180 deg. phase shift from the feedback networks from the input to output. This totals 360 deg. to start the circuit oscillating. If all three....
-
The purpose of this project is to visually communicate the effects that frequencies have with each other. By expressing these frequencies into mirrors and magnets that have a laser beam shining across creates a visual representation of that electronics is....
-
The motors will be driven from the full source voltage, so make sure this isn`t going to make your robot too fast! Firebot has GM3 motors driven with a 9V battery, however the circuit differed and the motors were only driven by 5V from the voltage regulator.....
-
Changing to a 3-prong AC cord is pretty much an expected upgrade or mod, as is replacing the filter capacitors. Changing the coupling capacitors to Orange Drops or some other boutique brand is also accepted, and often adds to the hyperbole in eBay auctions.....
-
Uch as the Hot-Rod enthusiast is forever tinkering with his `wheels` to be `just a little different`, so are guitar players forever tinkering with their guitars and amplifiers in an effort to be `just a little different`. We are always swapping pickups....
-
The receiver is built on a single-sided printed circuit board which measures 2 by 4. 3 inches. The small size means that the board can be fitted into a wide variety of enclosures, which should be well screened. The main directional signal is picked up by a....
-
The circuit shown earlier in figure 2-6 and the discussion in previous paragraphs were for illustrative purposes only. In reality, such a circuit would not be practical. However, the basic principle involved (the change in reactance of an oscillator circuit....
-
The quadrature-grid signal is excited by a reference from the transmitter. This may be a sample of the unmodulated master oscillator providing a phase reference for the detector...
-
The TRIAC is a three-terminal device similar in construction and operation to the SCR. The TRIAC controls and conducts current flow during both alternations of an ac cycle, instead of only one. The schematic symbols for the SCR and the TRIAC are compared in....
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The dc output of the voltage multiplier ranges from 1000 volts to 30, 000 volts. The actual voltage depends upon the size of the CRT and its equipment application. Voltage multipliers may also be used as primary power supplies where a 177 volt-ac input is....
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There are also other methods of coupling signals from one stage to another. Transformer coupling is the most common method used to couple rf amplifiers. Transformer coupling has many advantages over RC coupling for rf amplifiers; for example, transformer....
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a typical rf amplifier that is used in an AM radio receiver. In figure 2-19, the input circuit is the antenna of the radio (L1-a coil) which forms part of an LC circuit which is tuned to the desired station by variable capacitor C1. L1 is wound on the same....
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The schematic diagram of this circuit is shown in figure 3-33. L1 is the schematic symbol for a saturable-core reactor. The control winding is shown with five loops, and the load winding is shown with three loops. The double bar between the inductors stands....
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The power that is used for realignment is a loss as far as the rest of the circuit is concerned. Because of this hysteresis loss in the saturable-core reactor, the power gain is relatively low. A rectifier added to the load circuit will eliminate the....
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The dc path is from the negative side (ground) of VCC through RE, Q1, T1, and back to the positive side of VCC. The figure clearly illustrates that both the ac and dc components flow through the tank circuit...
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The circuit in view (D) has all three requirements for an oscillator: (1) amplification, (2) a frequency-determining device, and (3) regenerative feedback. The oscillator in this schematic drawing is a tuned-base oscillator, because the fdd is in the base....
That circuit is similar in concept to the BK Butler/Tubeworks Tube Driver. Since there is only a 9v supply, the tubes operate in "starved plate" mode. Preamp tubes normally operate on 100v-300v. It`s similar to using a Variac on a tube amp. When there is....
A charge amplifier is an amplifier whose equivalent input impedance is a capacitive reactance that is very high at low frequencies. Thus contrary to what its name may suggest, a charge amplifier does not amplify the electric charge present at its input. Its....
An operational amplifier, which is often called an op-amp, is a DC - coupled high- gain electronic voltage amplifier with a differential input and, usually, a single-ended output. [1] An op-amp produces an output voltage that is typically millions of times....
This plugin consists of a single 555 Astable. This plugin is very versatile, and can be used for any number of things, but it often is used to give a clock to run a circuit. The plugin below gives a pulse of about 2Hz with a very low mark-space ratio. The....
Linear electronic oscillator circuits, which generate a sinusoidal output signal, are composed of an amplifier and a frequency selective element,a filter. An oscillator circuit which uses an RC network, a combination of resistors and capacitors, for its....
A tuned radio frequency receiver (TRF receiver) is a radio receiver that is usually composed of several tuned radio frequency amplifiers followed by circuits to detect and amplify the audio signal. A 3 stage TRF receiver includes a RF stage, a detector stage....
A voltage-controlled oscillator or VCO is an electronic oscillator designed to be controlled in oscillation frequency by a voltage input. The frequency of oscillation is varied by the applied DC voltage, while modulating signals may also be fed into the VCO....
In some versions you don`t have the input buffer at all, and in some versions the buffer transistors have different biasing or different transistors. Some have even BIG errors. Errorswith the biasing, errors with the transistor symbols. I understand that the....
In industrial PLC applications, one of the old, but simpler methods of displaying numeric information is to use one or more 7-Segment numeric displays connected to an output card of a PLC. Although it is possible to build such a display yourself, it is far....
This power supply circuit uses 120 volts household mains and should only be attempted by someone that has the knowledge and skills to safely construct such a project. Otherwise personal injury and or property damage could result...
This circuit is basically repeated for each of the 3 motor phases. Here is my experience with repairing the motor control board in this washer. The Q5 mosfet blew out on c phase of the motor drive circuit and the 75 ohm resistor labeled J12 driving this....
This solid state relay circuit uses 120 volts household mains and should only be attempted by someone that has the knowledge and skills to safely construct such a project. Otherwise personal injury and or property damage could result...
Those drivers could run fourteen leds but just went with twelve. This means that i could add 12 leds to mine with no extra drivers. Not that i will do that now but if my tank gets bigger (honey i swear the tank has been growing from day one you just havent....
The lighting hood of AquaOne AR-320 tank. These small tanks generally come with crappy tubes with low power output and an algae-friendly colour spectrum. There are numerous ways to improve the lighting such as replacing the hood with a metal halide pendant,....
The circuit uses AC mains voltage and otherhigh voltages that can cause injury or death. The 125 is a basic heterodyne configuration, in which the outputs of two similar radio-frequency Colpitts oscillators are fed to a mixer, producing their difference....
Since the publication of the type 144 theremin project article in September, 1998, many of them have been successfully constructed. As in the 144, and its forerunner, the Southwest Technical Products model 142, the 145 theremin retains a heterodyne topology....
This circuit is a basic theremin with only a pitch control. It uses the "heterodyne" technique, as did Theremin`s original instrument. Heterodyning is advantageous in its simplicity, and is made further attractive in this design by eliminating the coils that....
The 203 Theremin utilizes Wien-bridge oscillators in a heterodyne configuration to produce an audible tone that corresponds to hand position. The instrument provides the convenience and safety of 9-volt battery operation, in a compact enclosure. It is a....
This simple circuit amplitude-modulates a single tone in such a manner to approximate the echo effect one might obtain, for instance, with sonar apparatus. Any reader who has been on a sonar-equipped vessel will realize that some imagination is required to....
The circuit illustrated produces a short duration of rapidly-sequencing tones, invoking the stereotypical sonic imagery of a sophisticated computer, such as would be scripted for the science-fiction genre. I designed this circuit for use in the composition....
This circuit generates the sound of the electronic ringer found in modern telephones, supplanting the 2-bell electromechanical ringers used previously. The ringing pattern follows the United States convention of 2 seconds on, and 4 seconds off. During the....
The circuit illustrated produces a clean sine wave signal ideal for audio testing, or wherever a good-quality sine voltage source is required. It uses one integrated circuit which is a widely-available dual operational amplifier, the Texas Instruments....
This circuit detects motion within approximately 5 inches of a piezo-ceramic element ultrasonic transducer. The detection distance is much smaller than obtainable with other ultrasonic techniques, however, it only requires a single transducer, as opposed to....
This circuit controls a small, four-phase, five-wire, unipolar stepper motor, commonly designated the "KP4M4-001. " This type of motor was used in many 5 1/4" floppy disk drives in older computers. Now obsolete, such disk drives are often available on the....
Adrian Bontenbal has provided us with updated notes from his experiments in building a re-creation of Clara Rockmore`s theremin. As you`ll recall, Bob Moog shared his hand-drawn schematic for Clara`s instrument over a decade ago. Adrian started with that....
The above circuit, whilst it works, is GREATLY INFERIOR to Lev`s Oscillator for Theremin use. The above simulation waveforms - Red Sine = voltage on L1:A, Black Sine = Voltage on Q1:D, Blue square wave is current through L1:B and Q1 (10mA, 5mA average) It....
A mute-switch for the Etherwave that adds a "mute status" light which doubles as a power-on light. Here`s the schematic. Don`t forget to browse the rest of Art`s great site!..
This project was inspired by a sense of wanting to build something a little unusual rather than with the expectation that it would become a useful transmitter. At the time of writing I`m at the breadboarding stage and have yet to decide if I will keep the....
The job of this timer is to disconnect thecompressor circuit and connect a resistive heatingelement located near the evaporator atregular time intervals. The defrost heater is thermostaticallycontrolled and is used to melt any frostformation on the....
The gas furnace is the simplest to operate and understand. Therefore, we will use it here to look at a typicalheating system. This type of natural-gas furnace is used to heat millions of homes in the United States. Note the location of theblower switch and....
Using a 555 with perhaps a 4029, and I would add a 4511, then connect the pins (using resistors of course), of the bargraph leds, to "a-g" pins of the 4511. To top it all off the graphs I received are all common anode, which is a pain because I`m not too....
With the impending close down of the 405-line transmitter network those of us with collections of early TV sets are having to make new arrangements to supply them with suitable signals. Whatever the scheme used, some method of converting baseband audio and....
This diagram shows a redundant - closed loop ground wiring system. This is intended to reduce dependency on the frame for ground purposes in the charging circuit. The second (lower) diagram is as the bike was built using the 12 volt Alton generator and an....
Another project started with three others not finished. What would my Dad say Well one thing he would say is, "Warn people that this project is under construction and has not been proved to work yet". You have been warned. I had to use a signal generator,....
Take a V2-400 and use the sub-woofer amplifier for the center channel. Then add a separate Digital Converter just for the added sub-woofer amplifier and you have the starting of a V5. 1. Next, put all the preamplifiers in the sub-woofer box and make a....
I began tracing the BASH amplifier circuit for my V. 2-400. The following schematics are my best effort to document what I found. I have also described design defects I have found and what I am doing to improve them. Evan Shultz spent an amazing amount of....
Wanted the flashlight to be squat so I could hold it in my mouth, throw it in mypocket, and lay it on a surface with the beam shootingup. I wanted to build it for about $15, which was around 1/4 what they were selling for when I started the project. Prices....
This project started from seeing pages describing arcstarters that could be constructed for practically no cost from stuff just laying around in the typical tinker`s shop. It has been a fun project, but I have a basement crammed full of stuff and I still had....
The stator output is AC, a battery is DC. You will have to add a rectifier to change the output to DC, and this will use up avaiable watts. I have been told you could lose 10-15 watts by using a rectifier. (I`m not THAT much of an electronics wizz, so I`m....
WxVoice is an automated voice-back system that uses your PC`s voice modem to speak the current and past weather conditions over the telephone. WxVoice takes advantage of Text-to-Speech (TTS) technology to produce a more natural sounding dialogue than other....
When trying to move things with microcontrollers, there are basically three kinds of motors that are most useful: DC motors, servomotors, and stepper motors. Most all motors work on the electrical principle of induction. When you put electric current through....
A stepper motor is a motor controlled by a series of electromagnetic coils. The center shaft has a series of magnets mounted on it, and the coils surrounding the shaft are alternately given current or not, creating magnetic fields which repulse or attract....
MIDI, or Musical Instrument Digital Interface, is a specification for a communications protocol between digital synthesizers and other digital music devices. It was developed to be as simple and general as possible, to give synthesizer manufacturers as much....
Digital output from a microcontroller is typically a low-amperage signal. For example, when you put a pin HIGH on the microcontroller (in Wiring/Arduino, it`sG‚ digitalWrite(somePin, HIGH); ), the voltage coming from that pin is typically +3. 3V or +5V, and....
There was a discussion on synth-diy a while ago about the problems of building a voltage controlled oscillator with a sawtooth wave output whose duty cycle (the ratio of ramp-up time to ramp-down time) is adjustable with a seperate control voltage. [Don:....
This is an original design for an interpolating scanner, a circuit with a number of signal inputs, a control voltage input and a signal output. The output effectively selects between the inputs, fading from one to the next, as the control voltage rises. A....
This is my first project using an AVR microcontroller and really the first embedded systems project I`ve done since college. I had two options for programming languages C and assembly. I chose assembly because I was familiar (at least with the 8051) and....
Writing MCU assembly code is often a hard and tedious task. You can simplify software development and gain more time to design the electronics hardware if, instead of manual coding, you use TINA`s Flowchart editor and debugger to generate and debug the MCU....
A microcontroller is a single-chip computer. It has internal RAM, ROM, timers, counters, interrupt circuitry, I/O ports, analog comparators, serial USARTs, analog to digital converters, watchdog timers, and a RISC architecture. When you are using a....
A durable car power inverter can give you a more convenient life. 100W car power inverter is the best choice for traveler when driving outside, or meeting an urgent need when power failure. AC adapter can be widely fit to all kinds of electrical devices....
Cooling an instrument or a device can improve the SNR (signal-to-noise ratio), and it can also prolong product life. For example, the dark-and-noise signal of an infrared detector`s output at room temperature can be an order of magnitude smaller when cooled.....
Bridge circuits have long been popular for conditioning signals from resistive sensors. These circuits are sensitive to small changes in resistance, and they provide a differential output from a single current or voltage source. But the sensors you connect....
A zero-crossing detector would convert an input sine wave (Vin) to a square wave, which when high would charge an op-amp integrator. Subsequently, a reference-input square wave would discharge the integrator. The integrator output voltage at the conclusion....
This project was on my list for a while. The main reason was that the winch on the Jeep is permanently connected to the battery. So every nut job in a parking lot could just stick a paper clip into the winch remote and play with the winch, or worse, shorten....
This was one of those reviews where time and circumstances conspired to allow a dual-test. I made the first contacts with Vacuum State, and Allen was eager to oblige. Combine this with a planned trip to Brittany and it was obvious that Geoff too would have a....
The TNT Convertus has been one of my favorite designs. It was probably one of the first DAC DIY projects published in Italy, and attracted a lot of attention (well, given the size of the market, obviously. ). A few changes have been made to the original....
The Wien-Bridge oscillator fulfills these requirements because there is a low pass filter, a high pass filter and a 180 deg. phase shift from the feedback networks from the input to output. This totals 360 deg. to start the circuit oscillating. If all three....
The purpose of this project is to visually communicate the effects that frequencies have with each other. By expressing these frequencies into mirrors and magnets that have a laser beam shining across creates a visual representation of that electronics is....
The motors will be driven from the full source voltage, so make sure this isn`t going to make your robot too fast! Firebot has GM3 motors driven with a 9V battery, however the circuit differed and the motors were only driven by 5V from the voltage regulator.....
Changing to a 3-prong AC cord is pretty much an expected upgrade or mod, as is replacing the filter capacitors. Changing the coupling capacitors to Orange Drops or some other boutique brand is also accepted, and often adds to the hyperbole in eBay auctions.....
Uch as the Hot-Rod enthusiast is forever tinkering with his `wheels` to be `just a little different`, so are guitar players forever tinkering with their guitars and amplifiers in an effort to be `just a little different`. We are always swapping pickups....
The receiver is built on a single-sided printed circuit board which measures 2 by 4. 3 inches. The small size means that the board can be fitted into a wide variety of enclosures, which should be well screened. The main directional signal is picked up by a....
The circuit shown earlier in figure 2-6 and the discussion in previous paragraphs were for illustrative purposes only. In reality, such a circuit would not be practical. However, the basic principle involved (the change in reactance of an oscillator circuit....
The quadrature-grid signal is excited by a reference from the transmitter. This may be a sample of the unmodulated master oscillator providing a phase reference for the detector...
The TRIAC is a three-terminal device similar in construction and operation to the SCR. The TRIAC controls and conducts current flow during both alternations of an ac cycle, instead of only one. The schematic symbols for the SCR and the TRIAC are compared in....
The dc output of the voltage multiplier ranges from 1000 volts to 30, 000 volts. The actual voltage depends upon the size of the CRT and its equipment application. Voltage multipliers may also be used as primary power supplies where a 177 volt-ac input is....
There are also other methods of coupling signals from one stage to another. Transformer coupling is the most common method used to couple rf amplifiers. Transformer coupling has many advantages over RC coupling for rf amplifiers; for example, transformer....
a typical rf amplifier that is used in an AM radio receiver. In figure 2-19, the input circuit is the antenna of the radio (L1-a coil) which forms part of an LC circuit which is tuned to the desired station by variable capacitor C1. L1 is wound on the same....
The schematic diagram of this circuit is shown in figure 3-33. L1 is the schematic symbol for a saturable-core reactor. The control winding is shown with five loops, and the load winding is shown with three loops. The double bar between the inductors stands....
The power that is used for realignment is a loss as far as the rest of the circuit is concerned. Because of this hysteresis loss in the saturable-core reactor, the power gain is relatively low. A rectifier added to the load circuit will eliminate the....
The dc path is from the negative side (ground) of VCC through RE, Q1, T1, and back to the positive side of VCC. The figure clearly illustrates that both the ac and dc components flow through the tank circuit...
The circuit in view (D) has all three requirements for an oscillator: (1) amplification, (2) a frequency-determining device, and (3) regenerative feedback. The oscillator in this schematic drawing is a tuned-base oscillator, because the fdd is in the base....
