Top Circuits Page 29
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This circuit is a Single chip metal detector.Actually we can use this one to detect metals.Specially,I think you have seen some army soldiers keep some thing to detect metals.That equipment has been made through this circuit.so you also can use this to....
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Here is a simple metal detector with TDA2822 and few NPN transistors. There is a small arrow connected from the Emitter of the T3 to the 10n Capacitor C4. That arrow is simply indicating signal flow as right to left in that particular wire, which is....
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The circuit allows a precision regulated drive current to be set to drive an LED, and in response to a TTL level signal, the LED is switched on and off with rise and fall times of less than 500 nanoseconds and less than 7% overshoot. This was designed for....
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This Cheap circuit will amaze you with its wide range recieving signal between 6 and 17Mhz (49-19meters). Power supply is not necesery, just connect it to your pc, place the antena to your home piping network and voila!..
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the entire circuit is comprised of integrated circuits. This makes for some easy organization when it goes to the circuit board for soldering. In addition, I used only 3 of the pins on the 3rd nixie tube for the hundreds position in the display. Since I was....
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This is a very small telephone exchange attached only two ordinary Tele phones. Fully bi-directional facility with an intercom system. When a phone is in off hook condition , Exchange will detect it & send ringing pulse to other phone. When it will be picked....
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A very regular configuration of the 555 astable timer to work as a timer to trigger an alarm or any other equipment connected to pin 3. R resistor should be replaced with a potentiometer that will change the time delay. Capacitor C should be calculated too....
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This circuit is used to measure the voltage on a 12V (nominal) lead acid rechargeable battery system. It was specifically designed for use in solar powered systems, but is general enough that it can be used for automotive or other 12V systems. Lead acid....
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Tesla's free-energy receiver was patented in 1901 as An Apparatus for the Utilization of Radiant Energy. The patent refers to "the Sun, as well as other sources of radiant energy, like cosmic rays." That the device works at night is explained in terms of the....
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This type of design can produce a very high amperage current for a faction a second that can used to do some useful work if properly harnessed.
A point to remember is that Paul Baumann built his first device in prison and as such did not have access to....
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Recently, I have needed to measure inductances in the hundreds of microhenries to several millihenry range. Though I have a pretty good LRC meter and an excellent bridge on my workbench in Mesa, Arizona, I wanted to make these measurements in my home in....
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The small single turn magnetic loop (SSTML) antenna consists of a single winding inductor, about 3 feet (1 meter) in diameter, and a tuning capacitor. A second loop, which is one fifth of the diameter of the large loop, is connected to the feedline and this....
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Please find attached your copy of my four foot unampilfied box loop. It will
tune from 525 kHz to about 1710 kHz covering the entire Broadcast Band.
The umbrella stand described in the article is the type you would use for an
outdoor umbrella. I fill....
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This circuit is designed to be used in conjunction with the standard 4 foot square loop used in MW for long distance reception...
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All ATL-3 loop windings are centre tapped and balanced w.r.t. their amplifier/receiver chassis ground, and therefore electric field interference pick up tends to self cancel. Magnetic noise fields,e.g. televisions and the electric meter box, or....
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An AM loop antenna is one of the true marvels of electronics. Requiring no power, it takes advantage of the resonant properties of an inductor and a capacitor connected in parallel to receive weak AM stations. The "loop" part of the antenna is the inductor,....
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This new loop antenna by Graham Maynard is his best design yet and I am proud to be the first to present his work. It uses one, six foot square, six turn loop, and is aperiodic in nature, covering the frequency range 50KHz - 5000KHz...
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A magnetic loop has a very small bandwidth but unsensitive to man made noise. It is much smaller than a conventional antenna for the same frequency and has a gain that can be compared to a quarter wave antenna even if the loop is mounted a meter from the....
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This antenna is the result of long term development and user feedback.
All ATL-3 loop windings are centre tapped and balanced w.r.t. their amplifier/receiver chassis ground, and therefore electric field interference pick up tends to self cancel. Magnetic....
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This 1 square meter antenna has radiation resistance of about 10 nanohoms, making the 0.4 Ohm resistance (including skin effect, which about doubled the resistance from the DC value) the dominant loss in the antenna. The lower the resistance, the more....
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Loop Antennas are considered to be "samall" when their diameter drops below about 1/10 of the wavelength they are intended to be used at. In this case, I use the term "Tiny" because the antenna's diameter is about 1/30,000 the wavelength, and at 5.5 cm in....
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A loop antenna can greatly improve medium wave reception. Loop antennas
are directional and receive signals along the plane of the windings. The
directional quality improves signal to noise ratio of the desired signal
while rejecting signals perpendular....
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Antennas that are much shorter than 1/4 wavelength present a very small and highly relative impedance that is dependent on the received frequency. It is difficult to match impedances over a decade of frequency coverage. Instead, input stage Q1 is an FET....
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100kHz-30MHz active antenna with small size, good performance, making simple, low cost and so on, the most suitable for remote medium wave and short-wave radio reception. As sh..
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I had a Basic Stamp project that needed to measure a nominal 12 volt battery, and I wanted a simple solution. This is the simplest I could come up with. The 555 timer will put out positive pulses. The pulse width is inversely proportional to the difference....
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Long-distance optical communications and medical equipment, such as CT scanners, can benefit from a fast and accurate data-acquisition system. Optical power systems, such as laser pumps, need to constantly monitor their power levels. In such systems, the....
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This application note uses a timer IC (ICL7555), CMOS logic and discrete transistors to automatically control the conversion the MAX190 12-bit SAR analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The delay between conversions can be programed using a resistor. Logic....
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Using a 12-bit-resolution analog-to-digital converter (ADC) does not necessarily mean your system will have 12-bit accuracy. Sometimes, much to the surprise and consternation of engineers, a data-acquisition system will exhibit much lower performance than....
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Typical stepper-motor control circuits use either logic gates and flip-flops or shift registers to generate the proper sequences of binary codes that produce bidirectional stepper-motor movement. A conventional stepper-motor-control circuit uses a....
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You can provide temperature compensation in weigh-scale applications by simultaneously measuring both the temperature of the bridge and the primary output of the bridge transducer. Traditionally, an integrated multiplexer connects multiple input variables to....
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The circuit in Figure 1 uses a Centronics printer port to interface an eight-channel, 8-bit ADC to a PC. The circuit cuts the cost of addressing and decoder circuitry and saves one expansion slot for interfacing. The design uses three of the subport`s....
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The MAX125 and the MAX126 are complete 14-bit data-acquisition systems in which four of eight inputs are tracked and held simultaneously (Figure 1). An on-board sequencer allows the user to program which four (or fewer) channels are to be digitized.....
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This article describes an automated data collection system for analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). It discusses the advantages of automating data collection as well as a detailed description of the hardware and software. It goes on to explain the operation....
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his chapter shows how to connect an analogue signal to a PIC. An analogue signal is similar to a sine wave and is generally less than 5v (5,000mV) in amplitude. Low-level signals are generally expressed in mV, to make them instantly recognisable and easy to....
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The MAX104 processes analog input bandwidths that exceed 2.2GHz with 8-bit resolution. It sets a new standard for performance in high- frequency, high-bandwidth digital communications receivers, digital oscilloscopes, and high-speed data-acquisition systems.....
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Most A/D-conversion techniques use dedicated hardware, usually a single-chip IC. The flexible conversion technique allows you to use successive-approximation, ramp-type, or other converters by writing the appropriate control software. The design in Figure 1....
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Real-world measurement requires the extraction of weak signals from noisy sources. High common-mode voltages are often present even in differential measurements. The usual approach to this problem is to use an op amp or an instrumentation amplifier and then....
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The achievable accuracy for systems with multiple ADCs depends directly on the reference voltages applied to the ADCs. Medical- ultrasound- imaging systems, for example, commonly include a large number of ADCs in the system`s beam-former electronics, with....
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A practical realization of a spread-spectrum technique lowers a µP`s clock-related EMI by approximately 4 dB without the drawbacks associated with modulation (Figure 1). The spread-spectrum technique is a popular method to reduce µP-clock-related EMI....
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The first part of this article series discusses commonly known definitions most crucial for high-speed data converters (in this case analog-to-digital converter or short ADCs) used in communications, instrumentation and data acquisition applications. The....
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This in-depth article covers the theory behind a Delta-Sigma analog-to-digital converter (ADC). It specifically focuses on the difficult to understand key digital concepts of over-sampling, noise shaping, and decimation filtering. A description of new....
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The schematic in Figure 1 is the discrete-element version of an A/D-converter drive circuit. The circuit converts a single-ended input to a differential output. The ADC`s reference voltage determines the common-mode range of the differential outputs. The....
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By using two 8-bit ADC channels for the same signal, the technique in Figure 1 can accommodate both conditions. One channel, which the controller uses for fast motion, reads the input directly and adds four 0 LSBs for a 12-bit result. The second channel....
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Analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) represent the link between analog and digital worlds in receivers, test equipment and other electronic devices. As outlined in Part 1 of this article series, a number of key dynamic parameters provide an accurate....
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Since the late 1970s, designers have successfully improved the effective resolution and spurious performance of A/D converters by adding ditheruncorrelated noiseto a converter`s input and then using DSP techniques to average out noise from the converted....
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The circuit of Figure 1 shows how you can configure a FIFO memory, a static SRAM, and a bus register to generate fast hardware histograms for linearity tests and still allow straight data acquisition for other tests. The main purpose of the FIFO memory is to....
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ADCs with differential inputs are becoming increasingly popular. This popularity isn`t surprising, because differential inputs in the ADC offer several advantages: good common-mode noise rejection, a doubling of the available dynamic range without doubling....
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Manufacturers have recently introduced high-performance analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) that feature outstanding static and dynamic performance. You might ask, "How do they measure this performance, and what equipment is used?" The following discussion....
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This circuit was designed for measuring the current from a set of power trackers on the Iowa State University Solar Car, the PrISUm Phoenix. The power trackers provide impedance matching between the solar array and the main electrical bus on the car. Because....
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The LTC®1197/LTC1199 10-bit serial ADCs offer small size, low power operation and fast sample rates with good AC and DC performance. These parts are ideal for low power, high speed and/or compact designs. This Design Note discusses the features and....
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The new 14-bit, 800ksps LTC®1419 enhances new communications, spectral analysis, instrumentation and data acquisition applications by providing an upgrade path to users of 12-bit converters. It provides outstanding 81.5dB SINAD (signal-to-noise and....
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The LTC®1605 is a new 16-bit, 100ksps ADC from Linear Technology. Its outstanding DC accuracy and ±10V analog input range are ideal for industrial control and instrumentation applications. Its simple I/O, low power and high performance make it easy to design....
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Combining high speed analog-to-digital conversion with low power dissipation, the 500ksps LTC®1278 and 600ksps LTC1279 12-bit ADCs solve major challenges confronting designers of high speed systems: conversion performance, power dissipation, circuit board....
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Four new sampling A/D converters from Linear Technology stand out above the rest of the crowd. These new 5V and 3V 12-bit ADCs offer the best speed/power performance available today (see Figure 1). They also provide precision reference, internally trimmed....
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The following article takes the knowledge of advantages and disadvantages of the pipeline architecture and compares its features with four of the most popular architectures (flash, dual-slope, sigma-delta, and successive approximation) for analog-to-digital....
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If you use an ADC to monitor a system`s power-supply voltage, you may encounter situations in which the supply voltage exceeds the ADC`s reference voltage (Figure 1). However, the ADC`s input voltage cannot exceed its reference voltage. You can use an....
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Many noncontact temperature-measurement systems use infrared sensors, such as thermopiles, which can detect small amounts of heat radiation. Biomedical thermometers that measure the temperature of an ear or a temple use noncontact temperature measurement, as....
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Most current microprocessors, DSPs, and field-programmable gate arrays integrate hardware and software resources that support either or both of two common interface standardsSPI (serial-peripheral interface) and I2C (inter-IC)/SMBus. Both two-wire-interface....
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Flash analog-to-digital converters, also known as parallel ADCs, are the fastest way to convert an analog signal to a digital signal. Flash ADCs are ideal for applications requiring very large bandwidth, however, they typically consume more power than other....
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Integrating analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) provide high resolution analog-to-digital conversions, with good noise rejection. These ADCs are ideal for digitizing low bandwidth signals, and are used in applications such as digital multi-meters and panel....
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Many of today`s instrumentation and process control applications convert the analog output of a sensor for processing and/or storage using an analog-to-digital converter (ADC). For voltage input ADCs, three different input structure types exist:....
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Flash-back to the 60's with this 5 channel unit with up to 100 watts per channel. This unit uses a PIC16F84 with an 8 bit A/D. The signal from both stereo channels is combined and digitized. Each of 5 frequency bands is processed using a 16 point FFT.....
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The analog to digital converter (ADC) is a commonly required in most of the projects. Analog voltage measurement can be done using the ADC hardware built in together in a PIC. The picture below show a simple setup for measuring the voltage through the....
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Study the Analog to Digital capabilities of Atmel ATtiny26. This tiny but mighty IC is really a miracle. One special thing is the internal 10-inputs multiplexed ADC circuit which can covert analog voltages to bytes. This check circuit uses only 3 inputs. Of....
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Normally analogue-to-digital con-verter (ADC) needs interfacing through a microprocessor to convert analogue data into digital format. This requires hardware and necessary software, resulting in increased complexity and hence the total cost.
The circuit of....
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The cyclic converter consists of a chain of identical stages, each of which detects the polarity of the input. Step V REF then subtracted from the double entry and the rest if the polarity is correct. The signal is full wave rectified and the rest of V IN -....
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By using an op amp BiMOS CA3140 provides good orientation skills for high bandwidth signal input, and can quickly adjust the energy output at its terminal CA33IO WINE. The CA3140 can also lead to near the negative supply rail...
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Pressure transmitter circuit data acquisition system by 1B31,18 bit A / D converter AD1170 and MCS-51 microcontroller..
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A/D converter is the analog signal into a digital circuit, it has a variety of circuits, as shown in Figures 21-24 is a circuit A/D converter structure, which is the use of a p..
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As shown in the commonly used liquid crystal television video A/D converter AD9887, the chip can be analog R, G, B signal is converted into a digital signal output. ..
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Audio A/D converter circuit configuration, the circuit CS5333 chip, which is a high-performance 24 bit 96 kHz stereo A/D converter, commonly used in digital products, a microph..
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In the refrigerator before cooking after eating fish, meat and other food to be defrosted. The freeze was put into water, and the..
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Composition audio ICL8038 function generator shown in FIG. IC using ICL8038. Resistance Ri potentiometer RP1 to determine feet straight flow potential Bian,..
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Audio signal control circuit It shows a typical audio signal control circuit. Two audio signal into the integrated circuit through the switching and tone (treble,..
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The circuit can be selectively tuned in two very close in tone. Selective frequency is determined by the value of the feedback circuit collector and the base of Q1 between the capacitors and resistors..
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Use NJM2701 3D surround sound audio processor integrated circuit can be designed a very simple 3D surround sound system. NJM2701 is a 3D surround audio processor reproducing 3D surround sound with only two speakers. NJM2701 is suitable for audio applications,..
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LM4610 is a US company following the LM1036 NS after the launch of a new class of high-end HIFI tone IC, LM1036 is the ideal alternative, it is also the use of two-channel DC voltage to regulate the volume, treble, bass, balance. The IC also increase based..
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AUD.LIMITER The level can limit level trim potentiometer to adjust. If you exceed the level of the potentiometer, the output from the half of the operational amplifier (as a co..
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An audio frequency signal generator shown in FIG. Can output audio signal, 465kHz spectral amplitude signals, 52,5Hz4-16Q5kHz high frequency amplitude modulated signal. VT1 hig..
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As shown in FIG audio circuit is commonly used in color television, TA8218AH pin functions and reference voltage: Pin 1: 1.9V-- inverting input Pin 2: 2.1V - R-channel audio si..
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As shown in Figure Block Diagram for the system. Important Important programs for broadcast monitoring period, using the selected demodulator, can be displayed by the presence ..
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As shown in the audio circuit is commonly used in color television sets (TDA2009) Pin 1: 1.2V-- left channel input Pin 2: 0.8V-- left channel feedback Pin 3: 12V-- Squelch 4 fe..
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Can simulate the character Mu symbol, I need bone dish SET code which benefit s decimal point well Jl; inverted J to open his mouth. Left foot [ circuit diagram ..
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Circuit shown in Figure, LD168 is a flash of tape recorders speaker for sound level indication ASIC. It has four outputs can directly drive a plurality of light emitting diodes..
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Colour is often used as shown in audio circuit (TDA1521), the circuit is taken from Changhong C2191, the OTL two-channel connection. TDA1521 pin functions and reference voltage..
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20W Bridge Audio Amplifier kit, based on the TDA2005 IC, a class B dual audio amplifier, specifically designed for car radio applications etc...
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This is an simple Vox AC amplifier. The circuit is not very clear but is readable...
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High power amps are not too common as projects, since they are by their nature normally difficult to build, and are expensive. A small error during assembly means that you start again - this can get very costly. I recommend that you use the PCB for this....
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A opamp. medium power, here its used as amplifier of headphones with possibility drive low loads. It contains in a nutshell two amplifiers. The voltage gain, has been determined in 40dB, from the R3-4 and R11-12, for each channel, respectively. The....
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This circuit was designed and manufactured the `80`s. From then it works without problem. It does not present any particular constructional problem, beyond known: the attention in the provided force of power supply - choice suitable heatsink and good....
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50w is a two-channel amplifier with a preamp and tone control o LA3160 its outer circumference elements constituting the input preamplifier oC1 the input coupling capacitor, th..
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The circuit is based around LM4702 manufactured by NATIONAL semiconductors MJ11029-MJ11028 by ON semiconductors It is a high fidelity audio power amplifier. Designed for demanding consumer and pro-audio applications. You can also use this circuit with AV....
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The surround processing section C1891A is Sony Corporation of Japan launched the four-dimensional..
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Simple and low cost. The optimal supply voltage is around 50V, but this amp work from 30 to 60V. The maximal input voltage is around 0.8 - 1V. As you can see, in this design the components have a big tolerance, so you can build it almost of the components,....
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Shown for the 2W audio power amplifier. The circuit uses a 14-pin package LM380 as amplifier element, the input signal by the volume control potentiometer..
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This complete high quality, low noise mono audio power amplifier is based around the Hybrid Integrated Circuit STK4050 manufactured by Sanyo. The circuit incorporates volume and has a maximum music output power of 200W.The circuit incorporates an on board....
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2SC2,987,2SA1227 is uPC1342V and two-channel hi-power 80W 2 tubes of the discharge circuit o The circuit uses the same multi-function protection circuit t {PC1237 circuit for f..
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Using this low cost Project one can reproduce AUDIO from TV without disturbing anyone. It does not use any wire between TV and HEADPHONE. In place of pair of wires it uses invisible Infrared light to transmit audio signals from TV to Headphone. Without using....
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The major advantage of amplifiers of this type is that the normal static power dissipation is very low, and the overall power-conversion efficiency is high. Unfortunately there are also some inherent disadvantages due to the intrinsic dissimilarity in the....
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High Quality simple design
No need for a preamplifier Can be directly connected to CD players, tuners and tape recorders. Simply add a 10K Log potentiometer (dual gang for stereo) and a switch to cope with the various sources you need...